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The structure, function and evolution of a complete human chromosome 8
Nature ( IF 50.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-07 , DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03420-7
Glennis A Logsdon 1 , Mitchell R Vollger 1 , PingHsun Hsieh 1 , Yafei Mao 1 , Mikhail A Liskovykh 2 , Sergey Koren 3 , Sergey Nurk 3 , Ludovica Mercuri 4 , Philip C Dishuck 1 , Arang Rhie 3 , Leonardo G de Lima 5 , Tatiana Dvorkina 6 , David Porubsky 1 , William T Harvey 1 , Alla Mikheenko 6 , Andrey V Bzikadze 7 , Milinn Kremitzki 8 , Tina A Graves-Lindsay 8 , Chirag Jain 3 , Kendra Hoekzema 1 , Shwetha C Murali 1, 9 , Katherine M Munson 1 , Carl Baker 1 , Melanie Sorensen 1 , Alexandra M Lewis 1 , Urvashi Surti 10 , Jennifer L Gerton 5 , Vladimir Larionov 2 , Mario Ventura 4 , Karen H Miga 11 , Adam M Phillippy 3 , Evan E Eichler 1, 9
Affiliation  

The complete assembly of each human chromosome is essential for understanding human biology and evolution1,2. Here we use complementary long-read sequencing technologies to complete the linear assembly of human chromosome 8. Our assembly resolves the sequence of five previously long-standing gaps, including a 2.08-Mb centromeric α-satellite array, a 644-kb copy number polymorphism in the β-defensin gene cluster that is important for disease risk, and an 863-kb variable number tandem repeat at chromosome 8q21.2 that can function as a neocentromere. We show that the centromeric α-satellite array is generally methylated except for a 73-kb hypomethylated region of diverse higher-order α-satellites enriched with CENP-A nucleosomes, consistent with the location of the kinetochore. In addition, we confirm the overall organization and methylation pattern of the centromere in a diploid human genome. Using a dual long-read sequencing approach, we complete high-quality draft assemblies of the orthologous centromere from chromosome 8 in chimpanzee, orangutan and macaque to reconstruct its evolutionary history. Comparative and phylogenetic analyses show that the higher-order α-satellite structure evolved in the great ape ancestor with a layered symmetry, in which more ancient higher-order repeats locate peripherally to monomeric α-satellites. We estimate that the mutation rate of centromeric satellite DNA is accelerated by more than 2.2-fold compared to the unique portions of the genome, and this acceleration extends into the flanking sequence.



中文翻译:

完整人类8号染色体的结构、功能和进化

每条人类染色体的完整组装对于理解人类生物学和进化至关重要1,2. 在这里,我们使用互补长读长测序技术完成人类 8 号染色体的线性组装。我们的组装解决了五个先前长期存在的空白序列,包括一个 2.08-Mb 的着丝粒 α-卫星阵列,一个 644-kb 的拷贝数多态性在对疾病风险很重要的 β-防御素基因簇中,以及位于染色体 8q21.2 的 863-kb 可变数量串联重复序列,可作为新着丝粒发挥作用。我们表明,除了富含 CENP-A 核小体的多种高阶 α 卫星的 73 kb 低甲基化区域外,着丝粒 α 卫星阵列通常被甲基化,这与着丝粒的位置一致。此外,我们确认了二倍体人类基因组中着丝粒的整体组织和甲基化模式。使用双长读长测序方法,我们完成了黑猩猩、猩猩和猕猴 8 号染色体的直系同源着丝粒的高质量草图组装,以重建其进化历史。比较和系统发育分析表明,高阶 α- 卫星结构在类人猿祖先中进化,具有分层对称性,其中更古老的高阶重复序列位于单体 α- 卫星的外围。我们估计着丝粒卫星 DNA 的突变率比基因组的独特部分加速了 2.2 倍以上,并且这种加速延伸到侧翼序列。比较和系统发育分析表明,高阶 α- 卫星结构在类人猿祖先中进化,具有分层对称性,其中更古老的高阶重复序列位于单体 α- 卫星的外围。我们估计着丝粒卫星 DNA 的突变率比基因组的独特部分加速了 2.2 倍以上,并且这种加速延伸到侧翼序列。比较和系统发育分析表明,高阶 α- 卫星结构在类人猿祖先中进化,具有分层对称性,其中更古老的高阶重复序列位于单体 α- 卫星的外围。我们估计着丝粒卫星 DNA 的突变率比基因组的独特部分加速了 2.2 倍以上,并且这种加速延伸到侧翼序列。

更新日期:2021-04-07
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