Although Russula ochroleuca is a common ectomycorrhizal (ECM) species in European forests, its reproduction mode, dispersal range, and population structure remains unknown. Altogether, 462 fruit bodies from three spruce forests (two 15 km apart, one 230 km distant from the first two) were analysed using AFLP markers. A mixed mode of reproduction, with several large genets accompanied by a majority of single fruit body genets, was found. Low level of inbreeding (Fis = 0.0021–0.0072), low level of genetic differentiation among subpopulations (PhiPT = 0.037–0.190) and negligible isolation by distance (r = 0.033, P = 0.005) indicates effective spore dispersal and a high level of outcrossing across the sampled area. Finally, we discovered temporal diversification within this species, as evidenced by genetic differentiation between early (August) and late (September) fruiting genotypes.

尽管欧洲红毛芸苔Russula ochroleuca是欧洲森林中常见的外生菌根（ECM）物种，但其繁殖方式，扩散范围和种群结构仍然未知。总共使用AFLP标记对来自三个云杉林（相距15公里，距前两个相距230公里）的462个子实体进行了分析。发现了一种混合繁殖方式，有几个大型种系伴随着多数单个子实体的种系。近交水平低（Fis = 0.0021–0.0072），亚种群间遗传分化水平低（PhiPT = 0.037–0.190），按距离可忽略不计（r = 0.033，P = 0.005）表示有效的孢子散布和整个采样区域的高异交率。最后，我们发现了该物种内的时间多样性，这一点由早期（8月）和晚期（9月）结果基因型之间的遗传分化证明。