Introduction

Alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana are the three most widely used substances among adolescents and young adults, with co-use of multiple substances being common. Few longitudinal studies have examined risk factors of alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine poly-substance use. We examined frequency of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette poly-substance use over time and how key risk factors contribute to this substance use during adolescence and young adulthood.

Methods

Participants (N = 1263 9th and 10th graders) were oversampled for ever-smoking a cigarette at baseline from 16 Chicago-area high schools between 2004 and 2006. Many participants progressed to heavier cigarette use, as well as alcohol and marijuana use over time. Participants completed questionnaires assessing substance use and psychosocial factors at baseline, 6-, 15-, 24-, 33-months, and 5-, 6-, and 7-years.

Results

Longitudinal multi-level models demonstrated that at baseline and over time, more depression symptoms, more anxiety symptoms, negative mood regulation expectancies, and lower grade point average (GPA) were each associated with more poly-substance use over time. In addition, there were a number of interaction effects of gender (e.g., depression was related to substance use in males) and developmental stage moderated these relationships.

Conclusions

Depression, anxiety, negative mood regulation expectancies, and GPA all significantly influence both initial and longitudinal levels of substance use across adolescence and young adulthood. Our findings underscore the importance of identifying and treating youth with depression and anxiety symptoms, as well as providing resources early for those struggling in school in order to help with substance use prevention and intervention efforts.

中文翻译：

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青春期和青年期使用酒精、大麻和香烟复合物质的危险因素：一项针对吸烟升级高风险青年的 7 年纵向研究

介绍

酒精、尼古丁和大麻是青少年和年轻人中使用最广泛的三种物质，多种物质的共同使用很常见。很少有纵向研究检查酒精、大麻和尼古丁复合物质使用的危险因素。我们检查了随着时间的推移酒精、大麻和香烟复合物质的使用频率，以及关键风险因素如何导致青春期和青年期使用这种物质。

方法

参与者（N = 1263 名 9 年级和 10 年级学生）在 2004 年至 2006 年期间从芝加哥地区的 16 所高中基线抽吸香烟进行了过度抽样。随着时间的推移，许多参与者逐渐使用更重的香烟，以及酒精和大麻的使用。参与者在基线、6、15、24、33 个月以及 5、6 和 7 年时完成了评估物质使用和心理社会因素的问卷调查。

结果

纵向多层次模型表明，在基线和随着时间的推移，随着时间的推移，更多的抑郁症状、更多的焦虑症状、消极情绪调节预期和较低的平均成绩 (GPA) 都与更多的多物质使用相关。此外，还有许多性别的交互作用（例如，抑郁症与男性的物质使用有关），发育阶段调节了这些关系。

结论

抑郁、焦虑、消极情绪调节预期和 GPA 都会显着影响青春期和青年期药物使用的初始和纵向水平。我们的研究结果强调了识别和治疗有抑郁和焦虑症状的青少年的重要性，以及为那些在学校挣扎的人及早提供资源以帮助预防和干预药物使用的重要性。