Wild ungulates seek out food resources at the bottom of mountain valleys in winter and spring, where their high density can negatively impact the production of hay meadows. This study determines the factors that explain the meadow use of four sympatric species: red-, roe-, and fallow-deer, and wild boar. In 2017, we counted the individuals of each species in 94 meadows for eight nights, between March and June, and estimated the frequency of meadow use as the proportion of positive censuses over the total censuses per meadow. We also recorded the presence of domestic ungulates. We inventoried the floristic composition in June. Species tended to use different meadows but only fallow- and roe-deer significantly segregated, indicated by the negative C-score index. As the ungulate frequency was skewed to 0, we used a generalized additive model (GAMLSS) to simultaneously simulate the probability of animals being absent and the frequency of positive censuses. Landscape features contributed to explaining the absence probability, while plant richness and legume cover explained the frequency of meadow use. The presence of domestic ungulates did not affect wild ungulate behavior. All studied species, except roe-deer, avoided exposed spots, preferentially using large meadows close to the forest. At meadow level, each species seemed to have different forage requirements. The frequency of fallow deer increased with the meadow forage quality, indicating a more grasses-based diet than the other two deer, and probably displacing roe-deer to suboptimum meadows. Red-deer used less plant-rich meadows, suggesting flexibility in their dietary choices.

冬季和春季，野生有蹄类动物在山谷底部寻找食物资源，那里的高密度可能会对干草草甸的生产产生负面影响。这项研究确定了解释草甸上四种同属物种使用的因素：红鹿，ro鹿和小鹿以及野猪。2017年，我们在3月至6月之间的8个晚上对94个草甸中每个物种的个体进行了计数，并估计了草甸使用的频率为阳性人口普查在每个草甸总人口普查中所占的比例。我们还记录了有蹄类动物的存在。我们在六月对植物种类进行了盘点。物种倾向于使用不同的草甸，但只有休闲鹿和ro明显隔离，这由负C得分指数表示。当有蹄类动物的频率偏向0时，我们使用广义加性模型（GAMLSS）来同时模拟动物缺席的概率和阳性普查的频率。景观特征有助于解释缺乏的可能性，而植物的丰富性和豆科植物的覆盖率可以解释草甸的使用频率。家养有蹄类动物的存在不会影响野生有蹄类动物的行为。除ro以外，所有研究的物种均避免裸露斑，优先使用靠近森林的大草甸。在草地上，每个物种似乎都有不同的草料需求。小鹿的发生频率随草甸草料质量的增加而增加，这表明与其他两只鹿相比，以草为基础的饮食更多，并且可能使ro鹿向次优草甸迁移。马鹿使用的植物较少，而这意味着他们在饮食选择上的灵活性。