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Stochasticity versus Determinacy in Neurobiology: From Ion Channels to the Question of the "Free Will"
Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience ( IF 3 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-06 , DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.629436
Hans Albert Braun

If one accepts that decisions are made by the brain and that neuronal mechanisms are obeying deterministic physical laws it is hard to deny what some brain researchers postulate, e.g. „We do not what we want but we want what we do“ or “„We should stop talking about freedom. Our actions are determined by physical laws”. This point of view has been substantially supported by spectacular neurophysiological experiments demonstrating action related brain activity (readiness potentials, BOLD signals) occurring up to several seconds before an individual becomes aware about his/her decision to perform the action. Such findings will be confronted with other experimental data, supplemented by computer simulations, to demonstrate that biological systems, specifically brain functions, are built up on principle randomness which is already introduced at the lowest level of neuronal information processing, the opening and closing of ion channels. These transitions, indeed, are following physiological laws but apparently also need to make use of randomness – principally unavoidable under all life compatible conditions. This randomness will not necessarily smear out towards higher functional levels but can even amplified by cooperative effects with the system’s nonlinearities. Examples shall be given to illustrate how stochasticity can propagate from ion channels to single neuron action potentials to neuronal network dynamics to the interactions between different brain nuclei up to the control of autonomic functions and consciousness.

中文翻译:

神经生物学中的随机性与确定性:从离子通道到“自由意志”问题

如果人们接受决策是由大脑做出的,并且神经元机制遵循确定性的物理定律,那么很难否认某些大脑研究人员的假设,例如“我们不需要我们想要的东西,但是我们想要我们做什么”或“我们应该”不要再谈论自由了。我们的行为取决于自然法则。” 这种观点已得到壮观的神经生理学实验的充分支持,这些实验表明与行为有关的大脑活动(准备潜力,BOLD信号)发生在个体意识到自己决定执行该行为之前几秒钟。这些发现将与其他实验数据(以计算机模拟为补充)相面对,以证明生物系统(特别是大脑功能)它们建立在原则随机性的基础上,该原则已在神经元信息处理的最低级别(离子通道的打开和关闭)中引入。这些转变确实遵循生理规律,但显然也需要利用随机性-在所有与生命相容的条件下,这都是不可避免的。这种随机性不一定会抹向更高的功能水平,甚至会由于系统非线性的协同效应而加剧。应给出示例以说明随机性如何从离子通道传播到单个神经元动作电位,再到神经元网络动力学,再到不同脑核之间的相互作用,直至控制自主功能和意识。这些转变确实遵循生理规律,但显然也需要利用随机性-在所有与生命相容的条件下,这都是不可避免的。这种随机性不一定会向更高的功能水平抹去,甚至会由于系统非线性的协同效应而加剧。应给出示例以说明随机性如何从离子通道传播到单个神经元动作电位,再到神经元网络动力学,再到不同脑核之间的相互作用,直至控制自主功能和意识。这些转变确实遵循生理规律,但显然也需要利用随机性-在所有与生命相容的条件下,这都是不可避免的。这种随机性不一定会抹向更高的功能水平,甚至会由于系统非线性的协同效应而加剧。应给出示例以说明随机性如何从离子通道传播到单个神经元动作电位,再到神经元网络动力学,再到不同脑核之间的相互作用,直至控制自主功能和意识。这种随机性不一定会抹向更高的功能水平,甚至会由于系统非线性的协同效应而加剧。应给出示例以说明随机性如何从离子通道传播到单个神经元动作电位,再到神经元网络动力学,再到不同脑核之间的相互作用,直至控制自主功能和意识。这种随机性不一定会抹向更高的功能水平,甚至会由于系统非线性的协同效应而加剧。应给出示例以说明随机性如何从离子通道传播到单个神经元动作电位,再到神经元网络动力学,再到不同脑核之间的相互作用,直至控制自主功能和意识。
更新日期:2021-04-06
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