The beneficial use of drinking water treatment residuals (DWTRs) faces barriers due primarily to uncertainties and concerns about their potential environmental impacts. We used total and water leachable toxic metal concentrations and 2 benthic organism–based bioassays to identify suitable DWTR substrates for introduction to freshwater systems. Using total metal contents and the consensus probable effect concentration concept, 3 DWTRs were selected and used in elutriate and toxicity studies. The concentrations of water leachable Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn were below the US Environmental Protection Agency's ambient water quality criteria. Using the long-term 65-d life cycle Chironomus tentans test and 4 different endpoints (survival, adult emergence, egg case production, and number of eggs produced per female), no statistical differences were found between the DWTR treatments and the controls. Similarly, results obtained using the 10-d Hyalella azteca test showed no toxicity. However, although both survival and growth were recorded in all bioassays, the results of the 10-d C. tentans and the 28-d H. azteca tests were ambiguous. For C. tentans, 2 of the 3 DWTRs resulted in significantly lower survival rates compared to the controls. For H. azteca, no significant growth differences were observed between controls and DWTR treatments, but 2 of the 3 DWTRs resulted in significantly lower survival rates than the controls. Overall, these results suggest that certain DWTR substrates could be suitable for introduction to aquatic systems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2005–2014. © 2021 SETAC

中文翻译：

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淡水系统中饮用水处理残留物的急性和慢性毒性测试

饮用水处理残留物 (DWTR) 的有益利用面临障碍，主要是由于不确定性和对其潜在环境影响的担忧。我们使用总和水可浸出的有毒金属浓度和 2 种基于底栖生物的生物测定来确定合适的 DWTR 底物以引入淡水系统。使用总金属含量和一致的可能效应浓度概念，选择了 3 个 DWTR 并将其用于淘析和毒性研究。水中可浸出的 Ag、As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb 和 Zn 的浓度低于美国环境保护署的环境水质标准。使用长期 65 天的生命周期Chironomus tentans测试和 4 个不同的终点（存活、成虫出现、产卵量和每只雌性产卵数），在 DWTR 处理和对照之间没有发现统计学差异。同样，使用 10 天Hyalella azteca测试获得的结果显示没有毒性。然而，尽管在所有生物测定中都记录了存活和生长，但 10 天的C. tentans和 28 天的H. azteca测试的结果是模棱两可的。对于C. tentans，与对照相比，3 个 DWTR 中有 2 个导致存活率显着降低。对于H. 阿兹台克，在对照组和 DWTR 处理之间没有观察到显着的生长差异，但 3 种 DWTR 中的 2 种导致存活率显着低于对照组。总体而言，这些结果表明某些 DWTR 底物可能适合引入水生系统。环境毒物化学2021；40:2005–2014。© 2021 SETAC