Adaptive and nonadaptive plasticity in changing environments: Implications for sexual species with different life history strategies,Ecology and Evolution

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Adaptive and nonadaptive plasticity in changing environments: Implications for sexual species with different life history strategies
Ecology and Evolution ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-04 , DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7485
Daniel Romero-Mujalli _{1,

2,

3} , Markus Rochow ₁ , Sandra Kahl _{4,

5} , Sofia Paraskevopoulou _{1,

6} , Remco Folkertsma ₇ , Florian Jeltsch _{2,

4} , Ralph Tiedemann ₁

Affiliation

Populations adapt to novel environmental conditions by genetic changes or phenotypic plasticity. Plastic responses are generally faster and can buffer fitness losses under variable conditions. Plasticity is typically modeled as random noise and linear reaction norms that assume simple one-to-one genotype–phenotype maps and no limits to the phenotypic response. Most studies on plasticity have focused on its effect on population viability. However, it is not clear, whether the advantage of plasticity depends solely on environmental fluctuations or also on the genetic and demographic properties (life histories) of populations. Here we present an individual-based model and study the relative importance of adaptive and nonadaptive plasticity for populations of sexual species with different life histories experiencing directional stochastic climate change. Environmental fluctuations were simulated using differentially autocorrelated climatic stochasticity or noise color, and scenarios of directional climate change. Nonadaptive plasticity was simulated as a random environmental effect on trait development, while adaptive plasticity as a linear, saturating, or sinusoidal reaction norm. The last two imposed limits to the plastic response and emphasized flexible interactions of the genotype with the environment. Interestingly, this assumption led to (a) smaller phenotypic than genotypic variance in the population (many-to-one genotype–phenotype map) and the coexistence of polymorphisms, and (b) the maintenance of higher genetic variation—compared to linear reaction norms and genetic determinism—even when the population was exposed to a constant environment for several generations. Limits to plasticity led to genetic accommodation, when costs were negligible, and to the appearance of cryptic variation when limits were exceeded. We found that adaptive plasticity promoted population persistence under red environmental noise and was particularly important for life histories with low fecundity. Populations producing more offspring could cope with environmental fluctuations solely by genetic changes or random plasticity, unless environmental change was too fast.

中文翻译：

不断变化的环境中的适应性和非适应性可塑性：对具有不同生活史策略的有性物种的影响

种群通过遗传变化或表型可塑性来适应新的环境条件。塑料反应通常更快，并且可以缓冲可变条件下的健康损失。可塑性通常被建模为随机噪声和线性反应范数，假设简单的一对一基因型-表型图，并且对表型响应没有限制。大多数关于可塑性的研究都集中在它对种群生存能力的影响上。然而，目前尚不清楚可塑性的优势是否仅仅取决于环境波动，还是也取决于人群的遗传和人口特征（生活史）。在这里，我们提出了一个基于个体的模型，并研究了适应性和非适应性可塑性对于经历定向随机气候变化的具有不同生活史的有性物种种群的相对重要性。使用微分自相关气候随机性或噪声颜色以及定向气候变化情景来模拟环境波动。非适应性可塑性被模拟为对性状发展的随机环境影响，而适应性可塑性被模拟为线性、饱和或正弦反应规范。最后两个对塑料反应施加了限制，并强调基因型与环境的灵活相互作用。有趣的是，这一假设导致（a）群体中的表型方差小于基因型方差（多对一的基因型-表型图谱）以及多态性的共存，以及（b）与线性反应范数相比，维持更高的遗传变异和遗传决定论——即使人口几代人都暴露在恒定的环境中。当成本可以忽略不计时，可塑性的限制会导致遗传适应，而当超出限制时，就会导致神秘变异的出现。我们发现，适应性可塑性促进了红色环境噪声下种群的持久性，对于低繁殖力的生活史尤其重要。产生更多后代的种群可以仅通过基因变化或随机可塑性来应对环境波动，除非环境变化太快。

更新日期：2021-04-04

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