Positive youth development (PYD), while embraced in many sectors of youth work, has faced criticism for its primary emphasis on positive personal change and adaptation, without a strong emphasis on social justice and culture, especially relevant for African Americans. Additional models of PYD addressing these conceptual gaps have emerged, however few explicitly address anti-Black racism and historical trauma impacting African American youth development. In this paper, expanded models of PYD, specifically Empowerment-Based Positive Youth Development (EBPYD) and Critical Positive Youth Development (CPYD) will be examined for their strengths and limitations in responding to (1) anti-Black racism and (2) historical trauma among African American youth. Key strategies of these models, such as promoting prosocial behavior and civic engagement will be reconceptualized and expanded to account for developmental needs imposed by historical oppression and contemporary racism against African American youth. Implications for PYD programing will be discussed.

积极的青年发展（PYD）虽然被包括在青年工作的许多部门中，但由于其主要强调积极的个人改变和适应，却没有特别强调与非裔美国人有关的社会正义和文化，因而受到批评。出现了解决这些概念鸿沟的其他PYD模式，但是鲜有明确提及反黑人种族主义和影响非裔美国青年发展的历史创伤的模型。本文将研究PYD的扩展模型，特别是基于赋权的积极青年发展（EBPYD）和批判积极青年发展（CPYD）在应对（1）反黑人种族主义和（2）历史上的优势和局限性。非洲裔美国青年的创伤。这些模型的关键策略，诸如促进亲社会行为和公民参与之类的行为将被重新概念化，并扩展到考虑到历史压迫和当代针对非裔美国青年的种族主义所施加的发展需求。将讨论PYD编程的含义。