Local landrace and breeding germplasm is a useful source of genetic diversity for regional and global crop improvement initiatives. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) in western Africa (WA) has diversified across a mosaic of cultures and end uses and along steep precipitation and photoperiod gradients. To facilitate germplasm utilization, a West African sorghum association panel (WASAP) of 756 accessions from national breeding programs of Niger, Mali, Senegal, and Togo was assembled and characterized. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was used to generate 159,101 high-quality biallelic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with 43% in intergenic regions and 13% in genic regions. High genetic diversity was observed within the WASAP (π = .00045), only slightly less than in a global diversity panel (GDP) (π = .00055). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) decayed to background level (r² < .1) by ∼50 kb in the WASAP. Genome-wide diversity was structured both by botanical type and by populations within botanical type with eight ancestral populations identified. Most populations were distributed across multiple countries, suggesting several potential common gene pools across the national programs. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of days to flowering (DFLo) and plant height (PH) revealed eight and three significant quantitative trait loci (QTL), respectively, with major height QTL at canonical height loci Dw3 and SbHT7.1. Colocalization of two of eight major flowering time QTL with flowering genes previously described in U.S. germplasm (Ma6 and SbCN8) suggests that photoperiodic flowering in West African sorghum is conditioned by both known and novel genes. This genomic resource provides a foundation for genomics-enabled breeding of climate-resilient varieties in WA.

中文翻译：

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西非高粱遗传、生理和育种的基因组学资源

当地地方品种和育种种质是区域和全球作物改良计划遗传多样性的有用来源。高粱 ( Sorghum bicolor西非 (WA) 的 L. Moench）在文化和最终用途的马赛克以及陡峭的降水和光周期梯度中实现了多样化。为了促进种质资源的利用，对来自尼日尔、马里、塞内加尔和多哥的国家育种计划的 756 份材料组成的西非高粱协会小组 (WASAP) 进行了组装和表征。基因分型测序 (GBS) 用于生成 159,101 个高质量的双等位单核苷酸多态性 (SNP)，其中 43% 位于基因间区域，13% 位于基因区域。在 WASAP 中观察到高遗传多样性 (π = .00045)，仅略低于全球多样性面板 (GDP) (π = .00055)。连锁不平衡 (LD) 衰减到背景水平 ( r ²< .1) 在 WASAP 中大约 50 kb。全基因组多样性由植物类型和植物类型内的种群构成，并确定了八个祖先种群。大多数人口分布在多个国家，这表明国家计划中有几个潜在的共同基因库。开花天数 (DFLo) 和植物高度 (PH) 的全基因组关联研究 (GWAS) 分别揭示了八个和三个显着的数量性状基因座 (QTL)，主要高度 QTL 位于规范高度基因座Dw3和SbHT7.1。八个主要开花时间 QTL 中的两个与先前在美国种质中描述的开花基因（Ma6和SbCN8）的共定位) 表明西非高粱的光周期开花受已知基因和新基因的影响。该基因组资源为西澳州气候适应性品种的基因组育种奠定了基础。