Pine nut oil (PNO) is rich in a variety of unusual delta-5-non-methylene-interrupted fatty acids (NMIFAs), including pinolenic acid (PLA; all cis-5,-9,-12 18:3) which typically comprises 14 to 19% of total fatty acids. PLA has been shown to be metabolised to eicosatrienoic acid (ETA; all cis-7,-11,-14 20:3) in various cells and tissues. Here we review the literature on PNO, PLA and its metabolite ETA in the context of human health applications. PNO and PLA have a range of favourable effects on body weight as well as fat deposition through increased energy expenditure (fatty acid oxidation) and decreased food energy intake (reduced appetite). PNO and PLA improve blood and hepatic lipids in animal models and insulin sensitivity in vitro and reduce inflammation and modulate immune function in vitro and in animal models. The few studies which have examined effects of ETA indicate it has anti-inflammatory properties. Another NMIFA from PNO, sciadonic acid (all cis-5,-11,-14 20:3), has generally similar properties to PLA where these have been investigated. There is potential for human health benefits from PNO, its constituent NMIFA PLA and the PLA derivative ETA. However further studies are needed to explore the effects in humans.

松子油 (PNO) 富含多种不寻常的 delta-5-non-methylene-interrupted 脂肪酸 (NMIFAs)，包括松油酸 (PLA; all cis -5,-9,-12 18:3)，通常占总脂肪酸的 14% 至 19%。PLA 已被证明在各种细胞和组织中代谢为二十碳三烯酸（ETA；全顺式-7、-11、-14 20:3）。在这里，我们回顾了关于人类健康应用背景下 PNO、PLA 及其代谢物 ETA 的文献。PNO 和 PLA 通过增加能量消耗（脂肪酸氧化）和减少食物能量摄入（降低食欲）对体重和脂肪沉积产生一系列有利影响。PNO 和 PLA 改善动物模型中的血液和肝脏脂质以及体外胰岛素敏感性在体外和动物模型中减少炎症和调节免疫功能。少数检查 ETA 效果的研究表明它具有抗炎特性。来自 PNO 的另一种 NMIFA，sciadonic acid (all cis -5,-11,-14 20:3)，具有与已研究的 PLA 相似的性质。PNO、其成分 NMIFA PLA 和 PLA 衍生物 ETA 对人类健康具有潜在益处。然而，需要进一步的研究来探索对人类的影响。