We report the results of a multidisciplinary study of the early Permian (Artinskian–Kungurian) Sotres Formation of northern Spain integrating sedimentology, palaeosols, mineralogy, stable isotopes, palynology, ichnology and tectonics. This continental unit was deposited in the near-equatorial Peri-Tethyan Cantabrian Basin. Having developed in the middle of the Variscan fold belt, it is preserved within the present-day Cantabrian Mountains. Three subunits are recognised in the Sotres Formation based on tectono-stratigraphic and sedimentological data: a lower alluvial subunit, a middle carbonate lacustrine subunit, and an upper palustrine subunit. Multidisciplinary results reveal an upward change in climate from humid-subhumid conditions at the base of the formation (Artinskian) to semi-arid and arid conditions at the top of the formation (Kungurian), which may reflect global deglaciation near the end of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age and a probable northward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. This general upward warming/drying climate trend was interrupted by a short-lived interval of monsoon conditions in mid-Kungurian times, which may have coincided with a pulse of global cooling. Our findings are in agreement with the climate trends reported for other central Pangaean basins. Rising CO₂ levels may have been a driving factor for climate transition during this time interval. However, in our study area, which lies within the active central Variscan orogenic belt, tectonic conditions must have also played a role in driving climate change.

我们报告了西班牙北部早期的二叠纪（Artinskian-Kungurian）Sotres组的多学科研究结果，该组综合了沉积学，古土壤，矿物学，稳定同位素，孢粉学，植物学和构造学。该大陆单元沉积在赤道附近的特提斯坎塔布连盆地。它在瓦里斯坎褶皱带的中部发育，一直保存在当今的坎塔布连山脉中。根据构造-地层学和沉积学数据，在苏特斯组中识别出三个亚基：下部冲积亚基，中碳酸盐湖相亚基和上部帕卢斯蒂林亚基。多学科结果显示，气候从地层底部的潮湿-半湿润条件（Artinskian）到地层顶部的半干旱和干旱条件（Kungurian）向上变化，这可能反映了晚期末全球的冰消作用。古生代冰河时期和热带辐合带可能的北移。这种普遍的向上变暖/干燥的气候趋势被中古隆时期的季风条件的短暂间隔打断了，这可能与全球变冷的脉动相吻合。我们的发现与其他Pangaean中部盆地报道的气候趋势一致。一氧化碳 这种普遍的向上变暖/干燥的气候趋势被中古隆时期的季风条件的短暂间隔打断了，这可能与全球变冷的脉动相吻合。我们的发现与其他Pangaean中部盆地报道的气候趋势一致。一氧化碳 这种普遍的向上变暖/干燥的气候趋势被中古隆时期的季风条件的短暂间隔打断了，这可能与全球变冷的脉动相吻合。我们的发现与其他Pangaean中部盆地报道的气候趋势一致。一氧化碳在此时间间隔内，₂级可能是气候转变的驱动因素。但是，在我们位于活跃的瓦里斯卡纳造山带中部的研究区域，构造条件也必须在推动气候变化中发挥作用。