Surface processing of pure titanium was performed using a carbon sheet to increase the surface hardness and improve tribological property. The effect of processing temperature (750–950 °C) for 2 h on the structure, mechanical and room-temperature tribological properties of the treated samples was investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and ball-on-disk tribometry, respectively. The Gibbs free energy was also calculated to evaluate the compounds generated at different processing temperatures. As a result of the examination, the hardened layer was mainly composed of titanium oxide and titanium carbide. With the increasing processing temperatures, the thickness of the hardened layer increased first and then decreased gradually. It was also revealed that the surface hardness was increased first and then decreased as the processing temperature increased. The fricative value of the treated samples showed a minimum value of 84.1 dB for a processing temperature of 850 °C. The depth and width of the wear tracks increased first and then decreased gradually with the increasing processing temperatures. The worn surface of the treated samples at higher temperatures showed a very good wear resistance. A processing temperature at 850 °C is considered optimal as it provides sufficiently high hardness and a low coefficient of friction to reduce fricative during practical use.

中文翻译：

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碳片氧化工艺温度对钛结构，力学和摩擦学性能的影响

使用碳片进行纯钛的表面处理，以提高表面硬度并改善摩擦性能。使用X射线衍射，扫描电子显微镜和圆盘摩擦学方法研究了2 h的处理温度（750–950°C）对处理后的样品的结构，力学和室温摩擦学性能的影响，分别。还计算了吉布斯自由能，以评估在不同加工温度下生成的化合物。检验的结果是，硬化层主要由氧化钛和碳化钛组成。随着加工温度的升高，硬化层的厚度先增加，然后逐渐减小。还表明，随着加工温度的升高，表面硬度首先增加，然后降低。处理过的样品的摩擦值在850°C的处理温度下显示最小值为84.1 dB。随着加工温度的升高，磨损道的深度和宽度先增加，然后逐渐减少。经处理的样品在较高温度下的磨损表面显示出非常好的耐磨性。850°C的加工温度被认为是最佳的，因为它提供了足够高的硬度和较低的摩擦系数，可在实际使用中减少摩擦。随着加工温度的升高，磨损道的深度和宽度先增加，然后逐渐减少。经处理的样品在较高温度下的磨损表面显示出非常好的耐磨性。850°C的加工温度被认为是最佳的，因为它提供了足够高的硬度和较低的摩擦系数，可在实际使用中减少摩擦。随着加工温度的升高，磨损道的深度和宽度先增加，然后逐渐减少。经处理的样品在较高温度下的磨损表面显示出非常好的耐磨性。850°C的加工温度被认为是最佳的，因为它提供了足够高的硬度和较低的摩擦系数，可在实际使用中减少摩擦。