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A community context for aggression? Multi-species audience effects on territorial aggression in two species of Paridae
Ecology and Evolution ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-03 , DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7421 Jin Bai 1 , Todd M Freeberg 2 , Jeffrey R Lucas 3 , Kathryn E Sieving 1
中文翻译：
攻击行为的社区环境？多物种观众对两种鹬科领地攻击的影响
更新日期：2021-05-19
Ecology and Evolution ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-03 , DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7421 Jin Bai 1 , Todd M Freeberg 2 , Jeffrey R Lucas 3 , Kathryn E Sieving 1
Affiliation
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- Territorial aggression in birds is widely observed and is commonly linked to sex, age, body size, physiology, seasonal cues, food resource, urbanization, and a variety of social contexts including conspecific audience effects. However, little is known about the heterospecific audience effects on territorial aggression.
- Here, we address an emerging idea that heterospecific audience effects may be pervasive influences in the social lives of free-living birds. We tested the hypothesis that the composition, number, and relative body size of heterospecific audiences observing an aggressive contest will influence the response probability and intensity of aggression displayed.
- We subjected two Paridae species, tufted titmouse (TUTI, Baeolophus bicolor) and Carolina chickadee (CACH, Poecile carolinensis), to playbacks of aggressive calls during a breeding season in north-central Florida. At widely spaced playback sites (N = 134) in woodland habitats, we characterized the makeup of heterospecific audiences, aggression type (intra vs. interspecific territoriality), local population density, and various environmental factors (tree density, wind speed, and noise level) that are likely to influence territorial aggression.
- We found that the presence of heterospecific audiences increased TUTI aggression levels and that both parids were more likely to respond to playback stimuli when their audiences had higher heterospecific diversity (more heterospecific individuals and species). We also found TUTI were more likely to respond when CACH were present but not vice versa.
- In conclusion, we found evidence that heterospecific audiences significantly influenced the metrics of territorial aggression of free-living animals and we suggest that the definition of audience effects on the behavior of free-living animals be expanded to incorporate heterospecific audiences.
中文翻译：
攻击行为的社区环境？多物种观众对两种鹬科领地攻击的影响
鸟类的领地攻击行为被广泛观察到，通常与性别、年龄、体型、生理、季节线索、食物资源、城市化以及包括同种受众效应在内的各种社会背景有关。然而，人们对异种受众对领土侵略的影响知之甚少。
在这里，我们提出了一个新兴的观点，即异种受众效应可能对自由生活的鸟类的社会生活产生普遍影响。我们测试了这样的假设：观察攻击性比赛的异种观众的组成、数量和相对体型会影响所表现出的攻击性的反应概率和强度。
我们在佛罗里达州中北部的繁殖季节，对两种山雀科物种——簇绒山雀（TUTI， Baeolophus bicolor ）和卡罗莱纳山雀（CACH， Poecile carolinensis ）进行了攻击性叫声的回放。在林地栖息地中间隔较远的播放地点（ N = 134），我们描述了异种观众的构成、攻击类型（种内与种间领土性）、当地人口密度和各种环境因素（树木密度、风速和噪音水平） ）可能会影响领土侵略。
我们发现，异种观众的存在增加了 TUTI 的攻击性水平，并且当观众具有更高的异种多样性（更多的异种个体和物种）时，两个群体更有可能对回放刺激做出反应。我们还发现，当 CACH 存在时，TUTI 更有可能做出反应，但反之则不然。
总之，我们发现有证据表明异种受众显着影响自由生活动物的领土攻击指标，我们建议扩大受众对自由生活动物行为影响的定义以纳入异种受众。
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