A large body of work focuses on the unique aspects of Neanderthal anatomy, inferred physiology, and behavior to test the assumption that Neanderthals were hyper-adapted to living in cold environments. This research has expanded over the years to include previously unexplored and potentially adaptive features such as brown adipose tissue and fire-usage. Here we review the current state of knowledge of Neanderthal cold adaptations along morphological, physiological, and behavioral lines. While highlighting foundational as well as recent work, we also emphasize key areas for future research. Despite thriving in a variety of climates, it is well-accepted that Neanderthals appear to be the most cold-adapted of known fossil hominin groups; however, there are still many unknowns. There is a great deal yet to be uncovered about the nature and manifestation of Neanderthal adaptation and how the synergy of biology and culture helped buffer them against extreme and variable environments.

中文翻译：

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在岩石和寒冷的地方之间：尼安德特人的生物文化寒冷适应

大量工作集中在尼安德特人解剖学的独特方面、推断的生理学和行为上，以测试尼安德特人高度适应生活在寒冷环境中的假设。多年来，这项研究已经扩展到包括以前未探索和潜在的适应性特征，如棕色脂肪组织和火的使用。在这里，我们回顾了尼安德特人在形态、生理和行为方面的冷适应知识的现状。在强调基础工作和近期工作的同时，我们还强调了未来研究的关键领域。尽管在各种气候中繁衍生息，人们普遍认为尼安德特人似乎是已知的人类化石群中最适应寒冷的。然而，仍有许多未知数。