In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

• Maryland
• Chelsea Lyles (bio)

In January 2020, Republican Governor Larry Hogan became the most popular governor in the United States with a 75 percent overall approval rating among Maryland voters in a majority Democratic state.¹ At the time, Maryland voters placed crime as the top issue for the state, with education ranked second. Faced with the impending worldwide spread of COVID-19 and expected economic downturn, the Maryland General Assembly ended the 2020 session three weeks early. Before adjourning, the assembly enacted a fiscal year (FY) 2021 budget approving several education bills dependent on the successful passage of HB1300, the Blueprint for Maryland's Future, for funding. However, citing economic challenges due to COVID-19, Hogan vetoed HB1300,² even though it contained a spending cap mechanism for economic downturns.³ In May 2020, Hogan's approval remained high, reaching 78 percent.⁴

funding priorities for p-12 and higher education

The Commission on Innovation and Excellence in Education, or Kirwin Commission, was established in 2016 to improve the state's educational performance and funding formula. The Kirwin Commission released a report in 2019 with recommendations prioritizing free preschool for low income children, tutoring and supplemental reading instruction, improved teacher education and pay, standards for college and career readiness, trade and technical education, and allocations based on the concentration of students living in poverty. Charter schools and school choice were absent from the Kirwin Commission report. Hogan criticized the Kirwin Commission's increased educational spending recommendations and the funding plan stating, "Even after more than three years of meetings, there is still no clear plan whatsoever for how either the state or the counties will pay this massive price tag."⁵

Assuming an in-state tuition rate increase of 2 percent, higher education revenue provides 10.0 percent of Maryland's $48 billion FY 21 budget. The FY 21 operating budget provides $2.4 billion for higher education, an increase of $150.9 million (6.8 percent) [End Page 293] from FY 20. $94.6 million, including $29.8 million for salary increases, is allocated to public four-year institutions. Allocations to private institutions grew 18 percent from FY 20 to FY 21 ($59.0 million to $69.6 million). Funding for community colleges increased by 10.9 percent from FY 20 to FY 21 from $330.1 million to $367.2 million, and Baltimore City Community College, which has its own funding formula, also experienced a slight (0.2 percent) increase.⁶

The FY 21 capital budget for higher education includes $414.2 million from the state with $297.1 million (71.7 percent) being directed to four-year institutions and regional higher education centers, $12.0 million (2.95) to private institutions, and $105.1 million (25.4 percent) to community colleges.⁷

changes to the funding formula for p-12 and higher education

The Kirwin Commission's recommendations to alter the state's P-12 funding formula beginning in FY 22 were not enacted due to Hogan's veto.

The Senator John A. Cade funding formula for community colleges totals $286.1 million for FY 21, a $36.4 million (14.6 percent) increase from FY 20.⁸ Although this amount equates to the state providing 25 percent of community college funding, as in the past ten years, the state has fallen short of the Cade formula's original intent to provide 29 percent of funding to community colleges.⁹

pressing issues affecting p-12 and education

Maryland public schools closed in March 2020 and remained closed through the end of the school year due to COVID-19.¹⁰ In response to the federal CARES Act, Hogan committed to allocating more than $255 million to education, including $100 million for remote learning enhancements, $100 million for tutoring, and $10 million for rural internet access.¹¹

Timely topics affecting higher education include "free college", a pending lawsuit, and new accountability measures. The Maryland Guaranteed Access Grant program, implemented in 2019, was praised for covering "the remaining cost of attendance after subtracting other grant aid and the recipient's expected family contribution" (p. 7).¹² The program covers the cost of attendance up to $18,600 for two...

中文翻译：

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马里兰州

代替摘要，这里是内容的简要摘录：

• 马里兰州
• 切尔西·莱尔斯（生物）

2020年1月，共和党州长拉里·霍根（Larry Hogan）成为美国最受欢迎的州长，在多数民主党州的马里兰州选民中，其总体支持率为75％。¹当时，马里兰州的选民将犯罪列为该州的头号问题，教育排名第二。面对即将在全球范围内传播的COVID-19和预期的经济下滑，马里兰州大会提前了三周结束了2020年届会。休会之前，议会制定了2021财年预算，根据HB1300（马里兰州未来的蓝图）的成功通过，批准了几项教育法案，以筹集资金。然而，理由是由于COVID-19的经济挑战，霍根否决HB1300，²即使其中包含针对经济下滑的支出上限机制。³ 2020年5月，霍根的支持率仍然很高，达到78％。⁴

p -12和高等教育的资助重点

教育创新和卓越委员会（或称Kirwin委员会）于2016年成立，旨在改善该州的教育绩效和资助公式。柯文委员会（Kirwin Commission）在2019年发布了一份报告，其中建议优先考虑低收入儿童的免费学前班，补习和补充阅读指导，改善师范教育和薪资，大学和职业准备水平，贸易和技术教育以及基于学生集中度的分配生活在贫困中。柯文委员会的报告中没有租船学校和学校选择。霍根（Hogan）批评了基尔温委员会（Kirwin Commission）增加的教育支出建议和资助计划，其中指出：“即使经过了三年多的会议，⁵

假设州内学费率提高2％，高等教育收入将占马里兰州480亿美元的21财年预算的10.0％。21财年的运营预算为高等教育提供了24亿美元，比20财年增加了1.509亿美元（6.8％）[末页293]。9460万美元（包括加薪的2980万美元）分配给了四年制公共机构。从20财年到21财年，分配给私人机构的资金增长了18％（从5900万美元增至6960万美元）。社区大学的资金从20财年增加到21财年，从3.301亿美元增加到3.672亿美元，增长了10.9％，而拥有自己的资助公式的巴尔的摩市社区大学也经历了小幅增长（0.2％）。⁶

21财年的高等教育资本预算包括州政府提供的4.142亿美元，其中4.971亿美元（71.7％）用于四年制机构和地区高等教育中心，1,200万美元（2.95）用于私立机构，1.051亿美元（25.4％）到社区学院。⁷

p -12和高等教育的资助公式的变化

由于霍根（Hogan）的否决权，基尔温委员会（Kirwin Commission）提出的有关从22财年开始更改该州P-12筹资方式的建议并未得到实施。

参议员约翰·凯德（John A. Cade）在21财年为社区大学提供的资金总额为2.861亿美元，比20财年增加了3640万美元（14.6％）。⁸尽管这一数额相当于州政府提供的25％（与过去一样）十年来，该州未能达到Cade公式最初为社区大学提供29％资金的意图。⁹

影响p -12和教育的紧迫问题

马里兰州的公立学校于2020年3月关闭，由于COVID-19，整个学年结束前一直关闭。¹⁰针对联邦《 CARES法案》，霍根承诺为教育拨款超过2.55亿美元，其中1亿美元用于增强远程学习，1亿美元用于课外辅导，以及1000万美元用于农村互联网接入。¹¹

影响高等教育的及时主题包括“免费大学”，未决诉讼和新的问责措施。马里兰州于2019年实施的保证访问补助计划因其“减去其他补助和受助人的预期家庭贡献后的剩余出勤成本”而受到赞誉（第7页）。¹²该计划涵盖两个人的出席费用，最高可达$ 18,600。