Journal of Education Finance ( IF 0.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-01 William Owings, Leslie S. Kaplan
- Virginia1
- William Owings (bio) and Leslie S. Kaplan (bio)
background
In April 2020, the General Assembly (GA) adopted a $135 billion budget amid early warnings of COVID-19. Later in April, $2.2 billion in new spending was "unallocated" – still in the budget but could not be spent. The Governor recalled the GA for a special session (August 18 to October 16) to rework the budget.
Virginia's second quarter change in real GDP stands at -27.0, a bit better than the U.S. rate at -31.4.2 The June 30 end-of-budget year ended with $236.5 million less revenue than projected which reflects this GDP change.3 In the first year of the budget, general funds spending for the P-12 and higher education institutions increases totaled $695 million over 2019. The increase in P-12 education almost restores spending to 2009 levels.
funding priorities for p-12 and higher education
Initial P-12 priorities funded in the March budget included increasing salaries, expanding early childhood education, increasing support for at-risk students, and funding additional school counselors. With revenue shortages, the Governor and GA suspended these funds. In many schools, the priorities changed to how to pay for COVID-19-related expenses transitioning to virtual education, providing meals and technology hardware for students, and providing "hotspots" for areas and families without broadband. A drop in enrollment of more than 37,000 public school students on September 30 caused further funding issues.4
The GA Special Session-approved budget "reallocated" funds back to the P-12 education budget in the following areas:
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• Provided $95.2 million from other revenues for a decline in projected sales tax for local SOQ costs.
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• Provided $220.8 million funds from CARES Act to support COVID-19 costs.
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• Redirected $8.9 million from CARES Act to technology needs.
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• Restoreed $37.3 million (second year) for early childhood education. [End Page 369]
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• Restored $35.2 million (second year) for at-risk students.
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• Allowed $75 million use of textbook funds for COVID-19 costs or virtual education.
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• Delayed Average Daily Membership projection to the March 31, 2021.
In higher education, funding prioritized additional monies to institutions that decided not to increase in-state tuition rates. Currently, the state support level rests at 45 percent5, instead of 2004 goal of 67 percent. The state also prioritized adjusting the financial aid funding model to support additional monies for low- and middle-income families. COVID-19 priorities included student retention, developing safety protocols, and funding safety-related expenses.
The Special Session-approved budget "reallocated" funds back to the higher education budget:
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• $80 million in General Fund (GF) in 2021, allocated based on in-state undergraduates and addressing estimated revenue shortfalls.
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• $15.4 million GF restoration of first-year funding at two HBCU institutions.
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• $5.4 million in GF for workforce development, Online Virginia, local library aid, and Virtual Library funding.
changes to funding formula for p-12 and/or higher education
No changes.
pressing state issues affecting p-12 and/or higher education funding
In spite of recent financial gains, state support was still down 9.1 percent going into this legislative session (FY 2019 compared to FY 2009), staffing declined by 1,242 positions, and enrollment increased by 53,376 students,6 placing the onus on the localities. According to the Virginia funding formula, localities are required to raise $3.6 billion to meet the SOQ. Local spending is now $7.6 billion—$4 billion above the state requirement. Poorer localities may not be able to increase their spending,7 exacerbating equity concerns.
Virginia's average salaries for teachers ranked 33rd out of 51.8 NEA estimates average Virginia teacher salary is $9,712 below the national average in FY 2020.9 With the Virginia Retirement System (VRS) changed from a defined benefit to a hybrid plan, recruiting and retaining teachers is becoming problematic. The Economic Policy Institute finds Virginia teachers have the largest "wage penalty" in the U.S. (earnings compared to similar college graduates).10 [End Page 370]
In higher education, between 1992 and 2018, GF appropriations fell from 14.4 percent to 10.2 percent of the total...
中文翻译：
维吉尼亚州
代替摘要，这里是内容的简要摘录：
- 弗吉尼亚1
- 威廉·奥因斯（生物）和莱斯利·卡普兰（生物）
背景
2020年4月，在预警COVID-19的大会上，联合国大会（GA）通过了1,350亿美元的预算。4月下旬，“未分配”的新支出为22亿美元-仍在预算中，但无法支出。总督忆及大会召开特别会议（8月18日至10月16日）以重编预算。
弗吉尼亚州第二季度实际GDP变动为-27.0，略高于美国的-31.4。2截至6月30日的预算年度结束时，收入比预计的少了2.365亿美元，这反映了GDP的这种变化。3在预算的第一年，P-12和高等教育机构的普通资金支出比2019年增加了6.95亿美元。P-12教育的增加几乎使支出恢复到2009年的水平。
P-12和高等教育的资助重点
3月份预算中资助的最初的P-12优先事项包括增加薪水，扩大幼儿教育，增加对高危学生的支持以及为额外的学校辅导员提供资金。由于收入短缺，总督和通用航空暂停了这些资金。在许多学校中，优先级已更改为如何支付与COVID-19相关的费用，这些费用已过渡到虚拟教育，为学生提供餐食和技术硬件，以及为没有宽带的地区和家庭提供“热点”。9月30日，超过37,000名公立学校学生的入学人数下降，进一步导致了资金问题。4
大会特别会议批准的预算“重新分配”了以下领域的P-12教育预算：
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•从其他收入中提供了9,520万美元，以减少本地SOQ成本的预计营业税。
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•从《 CARES法案》提供了2.208亿美元的资金，以支持COVID-19的费用。
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•从《 CARES法案》中将890万美元转用于技术需求。
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•恢复了3,730万美元（第二年）的儿童早期教育费用。[结束页369]
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•恢复了高危学生的3,520万美元（第二年）。
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•允许将7,500万美元的教科书资金用于COVID-19费用或虚拟教育。
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•将平均每日会员资格预测推迟到2021年3月31日。
在高等教育中，资金优先用于决定不增加州内学费率的机构的额外拨款。目前，国家支持水平停留在45％5，而不是2004年的67％的目标。该州还优先调整财务援助资金模型，以支持中低收入家庭的额外收入。COVID-19的优先事项包括留住学生，制定安全规程以及资助与安全相关的费用。
特别会议批准的预算“重新分配”资金返还高等教育预算：
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•2021年将有8,000万美元的普通基金（GF）根据州内本科生分配，并解决了估计的收入缺口。
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•在两家HBCU机构中恢复了1540万美元的GF第一年资金。
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•GF提供540万美元用于劳动力发展，在线弗吉尼亚州，地方图书馆援助和虚拟图书馆资金。
更改p-12和/或高等教育的资助公式
没有变化。
影响p-12和/或高等教育经费的紧迫国家问题
尽管最近获得了经济收益，但本届立法会议（2019财年与2009财年相比）的州支持率仍然下降了9.1％，人员配备减少了1,242个职位，入学人数增加了53,376名学生，这在当地各有6个责任。根据弗吉尼亚州的资助公式，当地需要筹集36亿美元才能满足SOQ的要求。现在，当地的支出为76亿美元，比国家要求高40亿美元。较贫穷的地区可能无法增加支出，7加剧了对股权的担忧。
弗吉尼亚州的教师平均工资位列33届51的出8 NEA估计平均弗吉尼亚州教师工资低于在FY 2020年全国平均水平9,712 $ 9随着弗吉尼亚州退休系统（VRS）从固定收益转变为混合动力计划，招募和留住老师变得成问题。经济政策研究所（Economic Policy Institute）发现，弗吉尼亚州的教师在美国的“工资罚金”最高（与同类大学毕业生的收入相比）。10 [结束页370]
在高等教育中，1992年至2018年期间，全球教育拨款从总额的14.4％下降到10.2％。
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