To allow more accurate and efficient browsing performance, existing works showed that visual landmarks (e.g.3D pins) can facilitate spatial learning and recalling of browsing performance in Virtual Reality (VR). Compared with visual cues, the additional auditory cue is well known to provide benefits of navigational performance in virtual environments. However, less is known about the effects of such audiovisual landmarks on facilitating spatial learning and recalling for VR browsing interfaces. In this work, we followed and extended our previous work to further investigate this study (no landmark (N), 3D visual pin (V)), and newly implemented another two types of landmark interfaces, including spatial auditory landmark (S) and spatial audiovisual landmark (SV) in VR. We examined their effects on facilitating learning and recalling items’ locations in small and large item sets in these four interfaces. We found that three landmark interfaces outperform no landmark in terms efficiency, and the participants performed the best with audiovisual landmark interface, however, no significant difference of retrieval and recall performances between the visual and the audio interfaces. The findings provide the suggestion of enabling audiovisual landmarks for VR browsing interfaces.

为了提供更准确和有效的浏览性能，现有工作表明视觉界标（例如3D引脚）可以促进虚拟学习（VR）中的空间学习和浏览性能的调用。与视觉提示相比，众所周知，附加的听觉提示可在虚拟环境中提供导航性能的好处。然而，对于这种视听界标对促进VR浏览界面的空间学习和调用的影响知之甚少。在这项工作中，我们跟踪并扩展了以前的工作，以进一步调查这项研究（无界标（N），3D视觉图钉（V）），并新实施了另外两种界标界面，包括空间听觉界标（S）和空间VR中的视听界标（SV）。我们在这四个界面中研究了它们对促进学习和召回大小项目集中的项目位置的影响。我们发现，三个界标界面在效率方面均不优于界标，并且参与者在视听界标界面上表现最佳，但是，视觉和音频界面之间的检索和召回性能没有显着差异。研究结果提供了为VR浏览界面启用视听界标的建议。