Variation in predicted COVID-19 risk among lemurs and lorises,American Journal of Primatology

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Variation in predicted COVID-19 risk among lemurs and lorises
American Journal of Primatology ( IF 2.0 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-01 , DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23255
Amanda D Melin _{1,

2,

3} , Joseph D Orkin ₄ , Mareike C Janiak ₅ , Alejandro Valenzuela ₄ , Lukas Kuderna ₄ , Frank Marrone ₆ , Hasinala Ramangason ₁ , Julie E Horvath _{7,

8,

9,

10} , Christian Roos ₁₁ , Andrew C Kitchener ₁₂ , Chiea Chuen Khor _{13,

14} , Weng Khong Lim _{15,

16,

17} , Jessica G H Lee ₁₈ , Patrick Tan _{13,

15,

17} , Govindhaswamy Umapathy ₁₉ , Muthuswamy Raveendran ₂₀ , R Alan Harris ₂₀ , Ivo Gut ₂₁ , Marta Gut ₂₁ , Esther Lizano ₄ , Tilo Nadler ₂₂ , Dietmar Zinner _{23,

24,

25} , Minh D Le ₂₆ , Sivakumara Manu ₁₉ , Clément J Rabarivola ₂₇ , Alphonse Zaramody ₂₇ , Nicole Andriaholinirina ₂₇ , Steig E Johnson ₁ , Erich D Jarvis _{28,

29,

30} , Olivier Fedrigo _{28,

30} , Dongdong Wu _{31,

32} , Guojie Zhang _{33,

34,

35} , Kyle Kai-How Farh ₃₆ , Jeffrey Rogers ₂₀ , Tomas Marques-Bonet _{4,

37,

38,

39} , Arcadi Navarro _{4,

37,

38} , David Juan ₄ , Paramjit S Arora ₆ , James P Higham _{40,

41}

Affiliation

Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Experimental and Health Sciences Department (DCEXS), Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK.
Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, USA.
Genomics & Microbiology Research Laboratory, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göettingen, Germany.
Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland and School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.
Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.
SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine, Singapore Health Services, Singapore.
SingHealth Duke-NUS Genomic Medicine Centre, Singapore Health Services, Singapore.
Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
Department of Conservation, Research and Veterinary Services, Wildlife Reserves Singapore, Singapore.
CSIR-Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.
Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
Cuc Phuong Commune, Nho Quan District, Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam.
Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany.
Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Primate Cognition, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Environmental Ecology, University of Science and Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Life Sciences and Environment, Technology and Environment of Mahajanga, University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar.
The Vertebrate Genomes Lab, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.
Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA.
State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
Villum Center for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
Artificial Intelligence Lab, Illumina Inc, San Diego, California, USA.
Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA.

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which in humans leads to the disease COVID-19, has caused global disruption and more than 2 million fatalities since it first emerged in late 2019. As we write, infection rates are at their highest point globally and are rising extremely rapidly in some areas due to more infectious variants. The primary target of SARS-CoV-2 is the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). Recent sequence analyses of the ACE2 gene predict that many nonhuman primates are also likely to be highly susceptible to infection. However, the anticipated risk is not equal across the Order. Furthermore, some taxonomic groups show high ACE2 amino acid conservation, while others exhibit high variability at this locus. As an example of the latter, analyses of strepsirrhine primate ACE2 sequences to date indicate large variation among lemurs and lorises compared to other primate clades despite low sampling effort. Here, we report ACE2 gene and protein sequences for 71 individual strepsirrhines, spanning 51 species and 19 genera. Our study reinforces previous results while finding additional variability in other strepsirrhine species, and suggests several clades of lemurs have high potential susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Troublingly, some species, including the rare and endangered aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), as well as those in the genera Avahi and Propithecus, may be at high risk. Given that lemurs are endemic to Madagascar and among the primates at highest risk of extinction globally, further understanding of the potential threat of COVID-19 to their health should be a conservation priority. All feasible actions should be taken to limit their exposure to SARS-CoV-2.

中文翻译：

狐猴和懒猴预测的 COVID-19 风险的变化

新型冠状病毒 SARS-CoV-2 在人类中导致疾病 COVID-19，自 2019 年底首次出现以来，已造成全球混乱并导致超过 200 万人死亡。正如我们撰写的那样，感染率正处于全球最高点由于更具传染性的变种，在某些地区增长极其迅速。SARS-CoV-2 的主要靶标是细胞受体血管紧张素转换酶 2 (ACE2)。最近对ACE2基因的序列分析预测，许多非人类灵长类动物也可能对感染高度敏感。然而，整个订单的预期风险并不相同。此外，一些分类群表现出高度的 ACE2 氨基酸保守性，而其他分类群则在该基因座上表现出高度的变异性。作为后者的一个例子，迄今为止对链球菌灵长类动物ACE2序列的分析表明，尽管采样工作量较低，但与其他灵长类分支相比，狐猴和懒猴之间存在很大差异。在这里，我们报告了71 种链球菌属的ACE2基因和蛋白质序列，涵盖 51 个物种和 19 个属。我们的研究强化了之前的结果，同时发现了其他链球菌属物种的额外变异性，并表明狐猴的几个分支对 SARS-CoV-2 感染具有很高的潜在易感性。令人不安的是，一些物种，包括稀有濒临灭绝的指猴（Daubentonia madagascariensis），以及阿瓦希属（Avahi）和原猿属（ Propithecus），可能面临高风险。鉴于狐猴是马达加斯加特有的物种，也是全球灭绝风险最高的灵长类动物之一，进一步了解 COVID-19 对狐猴健康的潜在威胁应成为保护的首要任务。应采取一切可行的行动来限制他们接触 SARS-CoV-2。

更新日期：2021-05-28

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