Here we review the current understanding of molecular interactions that govern liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) of biological condensates. The connection between sequence, chain conformation, and phase separation of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and their model polyampholytes is discussed. In particular, we highlight how the charge pattern influences the conformation and phase behavior of natural IDPs. We then describe recent results from theoretical treatments of polyampholytes implementing random phase approximation, field-theoretic simulations, and transfer matrix theory that show an increase in charge segregation results in an increased tendency to phase separate.

在这里，我们回顾了目前对控制生物冷凝物的液相-液相分离（LLPS）的分子相互作用的理解。讨论了固有无序蛋白（IDP）及其模型多两性电解质的序列，链构象和相分离之间的联系。特别是，我们重点介绍了电荷模式如何影响自然IDP的构象和相位行为。然后，我们描述了通过实施随机相近似的多两性电解质的理论处理，场论模拟和转移矩阵理论所得到的最新结果，这些理论表明电荷偏析的增加导致相分离的趋势增加。