Objectives

An increasing number of findings indicate associations between mindfulness and affect as well as mindfulness and stress. Most studies have conceptualized and measured these variables on a trait level, often in student samples or clinical contexts.

Methods

We adopted an experience-sampling approach to measure mindfulness, affect, and stress repeatedly as states in naturalistic environments. In assessing mindfulness, we factorized items from the trait questionnaire CHIME to conceptualize state mindfulness, finding two mindfulness facets labeled Awareness and Acceptance. Affect was measured using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and perceived stress was rated by a single item. Data was gathered by a smartphone app that prompted participants six times a day for 10 consecutive days. Using hierarchical regression, we examined associations at the same time-point as well as with time lags, in order to also elucidate Granger causal relationships. Fifty-six practicing meditators participated in this study.

Results

Concerning the associations of state mindfulness facets with affectivity at the same time, both Awareness and Acceptance were linked with positive affect and negatively with stress. Negative affect was associated negatively with Acceptance. The lagged analyses suggested the Granger causal interpretation that Acceptance reduced negative affect. We also found reversed lagged effects, in that positive affect attenuated subsequent Awareness and negative affect subsequent Acceptance.

Conclusions

The bidirectional Granger causal effects between mindfulness and affect challenged a one-sided interpretation of mindfulness-affect associations. One implication for psychotherapy may be to clarify why mindfulness and resilience (i.e., therapists’ hardiness with respect to adversity) are properties of efficient therapists.

中文翻译：

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正念与日常生活中的情感联系在一起：与冥想者进行的经验抽样研究

目标

越来越多的发现表明正念与情感以及正念与压力之间的联系。大多数研究通常是在学生样本或临床环境中，在特征水平上对这些变量进行概念化和测量。

方法

我们采用了一种经验抽样方法来反复测量正念，情感和压力，作为自然主义环境中的状态。在评估正念度时，我们将特征问卷CHIME中的项目分解以概念化国家正念度，找到标记为“意识”和“接受”的两个正念面。使用积极和消极影响时间表来测量情感，并通过单个项目对感知的压力进行评分。数据是通过智能手机应用程序收集的，该应用程序连续10天每天六次提示参与者。使用层次回归，我们在相同的时间点以及时滞上检查了关联，以阐明格兰杰因果关系。五十六名修行禅修者参加了这项研究。

结果

关于状态正念方面与情感的同时关联，意识和接受都与积极的情感联系在一起，而与压力的消极联系在一起。负面影响与接受程度负相关。滞后的分析表明格兰杰因果关系的解释是接受可以减少负面影响。我们还发现反向的滞后效应，即积极影响减弱了后续的意识，而消极影响了后续的接受。

结论

正念与情感之间的双向格兰杰因果效应对正念与影响关联的单方面解释提出了挑战。心理治疗的一个含义可能是阐明为什么正念和适应力（即治疗师对逆境的抵抗力）是有效治疗师的特性。