Gender gaps in pay and career advancement increase as people take on greater caregiving responsibilities, with large gaps persistent in high-level, time-intensive positions. Given extant research concerning gender roles, and job demands and resources, I hypothesized that temporal flexibility, in particular control over work hours, would positively affect promotion aspirations, especially for women. Moreover, this interaction effect would be mediated by anticipation of work–family conflict. Results from two studies—correlational and experimental—supported these predictions. In Study 1, using archival data from the General Social Survey, results revealed an interaction between gender and temporal flexibility on promotion aspirations. Among a sample of working parents with children, temporal flexibility was significantly and positively associated with promotion aspirations for women with the opposite pattern found for men. A subsequent experimental study, concerning a promotion to a time-intensive position with an online sample of parents, revealed that women reported lower aspirations for this type of promotion compared to men when the position was characterized as inflexible, but the gap disappeared when the position offered temporal flexibility. Anticipated work–family conflict explained this interaction effect. Highlighting flexibility and schedule control increased promotion aspirations among women, an important implication for employers looking to recruit and promote female employees.

随着人们承担更大的看护责任，薪资和职业发展上的性别差距越来越大，在高层次，时间密集的职位上，性别差距仍然存在。鉴于有关性别角色，工作需求和资源的现有研究，我假设时间上的灵活性，特别是对工作时间的控制，将积极地促进晋升愿望，特别是对妇女而言。此外，这种互动效应将通过对工作与家庭冲突的预期而介导。相关性和实验性两项研究的结果支持了这些预测。在研究1中，使用来自一般社会调查的档案数据，结果显示性别与晋升愿望的时间灵活性之间存在相互作用。在有子女的在职父母中，对于女性而言，时间上的灵活性与促进愿望有着显着的正相关，而与男性相反。随后的一项有关通过在线父母抽样将其提升为时间密集型职位的实验研究表明，当该职位被定性为不灵活时，与男性相比，女性报告的晋升愿望较低，但当职位被定位时，差距就消失了提供时间灵活性。预期的工作与家庭冲突解释了这种相互作用的影响。强调灵活性和进度控制可以提高女性的晋升愿望，这对希望招募和晋升女性雇员的雇主具有重要意义。关于通过在线父母样本将其提升为时间密集型职位的研究，她发现当职位被定性为不灵活时，与男性相比，女性对这种晋升的渴望更低，但是当职位提供时间灵活性时，差距就消失了。预期的工作与家庭冲突解释了这种相互作用的影响。强调灵活性和进度控制可以提高女性的晋升愿望，这对希望招募和晋升女性雇员的雇主具有重要意义。关于通过在线父母样本将其提升为时间密集型职位的研究，她发现当职位被定性为不灵活时，与男性相比，女性对这种晋升的渴望更低，但是当职位提供时间灵活性时，差距就消失了。预期的工作与家庭冲突解释了这种相互作用的影响。强调灵活性和进度控制可以提高女性的晋升愿望，这对希望招募和晋升女性雇员的雇主具有重要意义。预期的工作与家庭冲突解释了这种相互作用的影响。强调灵活性和进度控制可以提高女性的晋升愿望，这对希望招募和晋升女性雇员的雇主具有重要意义。预期的工作与家庭冲突解释了这种相互作用的影响。强调灵活性和进度控制可以提高女性的晋升愿望，这对希望招募和晋升女性雇员的雇主具有重要意义。