El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) at interseasonal to interannual time scales. Given the heterogeneity in rainfall patterns over India, we have revisited the linkages between El Niño and ISM for the period 1600–2016 in this study. Our analysis based on the instrumental, paleo-proxy, model and satellite data sets show significant spatiotemporal variation in the ISM in response to El Niño. We observed strengthening of ISM over the northeast India (NEI) in conjunction with El Niño events. We suggest that the decadal trends in ISM over the NEI and central India (CI) were controlled by the long term variation in strength of El Niño events. We observed spatial variation in isoGSM derived rainfall and its oxygen isotopic composition (δ¹⁸O) in response to El Niño events. We further verified our observations from isotope proxy palaeo-records. Two high resolution speleothem (cave deposits) records of reconstructed ISM during 1600–2008 confirmed the inverse relation of rainfall patterns over CI (negative) and NEI (positive) during moderate to strong El Niño periods. These speleothem records infer a long-term pause in the El Niño (or stronger La Niña) like conditions, which were persisted during 1625–1715 and favored the stronger (weaker) rainfall over the CI (NEI). Furthermore, speleothem records showed stronger El Niño events during 1715–1760 causing significant reduction and enhancement in rainfall amount over CI and NEI, respectively.

厄尔尼诺南方涛动（ENSO）在季节间和年际时间尺度上影响印度夏季风（ISM）。考虑到印度各地降雨模式的异质性，我们在本研究中重新研究了厄尔尼诺现象与ISM之间的联系（1600-2016年）。我们基于工具，古代理，模型和卫星数据集的分析显示，响应厄尔尼诺现象，ISM的时空变化很大。我们观察到与厄尔尼诺事件相伴的印度东北部（NEI）的ISM增强。我们建议，NEI和印度中部（CI）的ISM年代际趋势受厄尔尼诺事件强度的长期变化控制。我们观察到在isoGSM空间变化衍生降雨和其氧同位素组成（δ ¹⁸O）对厄尔尼诺事件的回应。我们从同位素替代古记录进一步证实了我们的观察结果。1600-2008年间两次重建的ISM高分辨率洞穴记录（洞穴沉积）证实了在厄尔尼诺现象中期至强期间降雨模式与CI（负值）和NEI（正值）呈反比关系。这些泥炭纪记录推断出ElNiño（或更强的LaNiña）等条件的长期停顿，这种情况在1625–1715年间持续存在，并有利于降雨（弱于CI）。此外，鞘翅目记录表明，在1715年至1760年期间发生的厄尔尼诺事件更为强烈，分别导致CI和NEI的降雨量明显减少和增加。