Economic performance is closely related with energy consumption, the major part of which still comes from non-renewable sources. While endeavoring to promote renewable energy, policy makers are interested in technological change that also increases energy efficiency. However, both growth models of directed technological change and microeconomic theories regarding innovation suggest that technological change is not necessarily biased towards energy. In order to investigate directed technological change at the micro level, this paper applies stochastic frontier analysis to firm data for 32 economic subsectors, with respect to output produced with four inputs: capital, labor, electricity and fuel. Subsectors demonstrate different levels of technical inefficiency, which could be induced by capital deepening and higher share of financial income in total revenue. Output elasticity of labor is generally high among the subsectors, emphasizing labor as the main driver for economic growth. Output elasticity of capital is low overall, although a few subsectors enjoy better marginal returns. In most subsectors, technological change is biased the most towards labor; between electricity and fuel, technological change has favored fuel in more cases. We infer that the market size effect is likely to overwhelm others in deciding the direction of technological change. Thus, policy should include tools in addition to the energy price in order to induce technological change.

经济绩效与能源消耗密切相关，能源消耗的大部分仍来自不可再生能源。在努力促进可再生能源的同时，政策制定者对也能提高能源效率的技术变革很感兴趣。但是，定向技术变革的增长模型和有关创新的微观经济学理论都表明，技术变革不一定偏向能源。为了从微观层面研究定向技术的变化，本文对32个经济子行业的企业数据进行了随机前沿分析，分析了资本，劳动力，电力和燃料这四种投入产生的产出。子行业表现出不同程度的技术效率低下，这可能是由于资本深化和财务收入在总收入中所占的比重较高所致。在各分部门中，劳动力的产出弹性通常较高，强调劳动力是经济增长的主要驱动力。总体而言，资本的输出弹性较低，尽管一些子行业的边际收益更高。在大多数子行业中，技术变革最倾向于劳动力。在电力和燃料之间，技术变革更多地倾向于燃料。我们推断，在决定技术变革的方向时，市场规模的影响很可能使其他人不堪重负。因此，政策应包括能源价格以外的其他工具，以引发技术变革。总体而言，资本的输出弹性较低，尽管一些子行业的边际收益更高。在大多数子行业中，技术变革最倾向于劳动力。在电力和燃料之间，技术变革更多地倾向于燃料。我们推断，在决定技术变革的方向时，市场规模的影响很可能使其他人不堪重负。因此，政策应包括能源价格以外的其他工具，以引发技术变革。总体而言，资本的输出弹性较低，尽管一些子行业的边际收益更高。在大多数子行业中，技术变革最倾向于劳动力。在电力和燃料之间，技术变革更多地倾向于燃料。我们推断，在决定技术变革的方向时，市场规模的影响很可能使其他人不堪重负。因此，政策应包括能源价格以外的其他工具，以引发技术变革。