This article contributes to the ‘factory debate’ by disentangling the effects of technological change and organizational change during the rise of the factory, using unique data from the weaving industry in early twentieth-century Japan. During this period, a variety of production organizations co-existed, as did a variety of technologies, which creates an excellent opportunity to evaluate the implications of the factory system. Using regression analyses and observation of descriptive data, this study finds that production value per worker was around two times larger in factories compared with weavers and outworkers under the putting-out system, after controlling for the technological difference. This difference is supposed to reflect the difference in the mode of work—that is, working hours and work intensity—between factories and weavers and outworkers. Meanwhile, production per worker was two to three times larger for powered factories than non-powered factories, other things being equal. Thus, the magnitude of the impact of organizational difference was almost comparable to that of technological difference.

中文翻译：

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工厂兴起期间技术和组织变革的影响：日本纺织业的案例，1905-14†

本文使用 20 世纪早期日本织造业的独特数据，通过解开工厂兴起期间技术变革和组织变革的影响，为“工厂辩论”做出了贡献。在此期间，各种生产组织并存，各种技术也并存，这为评估工厂制度的影响创造了绝佳机会。通过回归分析和对描述性数据的观察，本研究发现，在控制技术差异后，工厂工人的人均产值是下线制下的织工和外包工的两倍左右。这种差异应该反映了工作方式的差异——也就是说，工作时间和工作强度——在工厂、织布工和外包工之间。与此同时，在其他条件相同的情况下，动力工厂的人均产量是非动力工厂的两到三倍。因此，组织差异的影响程度几乎与技术差异的影响程度相当。