Reviewed by:

• Crossroads of Change: The People and the Land of Pecos by Cori Knudten and Maren Bzdek
• Jen Corrinne Brown

Part of the Public Lands History series at the University of Oklahoma Press, Crossroads of Change is an environmental history of Pecos National Historic Park. The park is a thirty-minute drive southeast of Santa Fe, New Mexico, near the headwaters of the Pecos River in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, and it offers a unique overview of southwestern history. It protects the ruins of Pecos Pueblo, one of the largest pueblos at the time of Spanish arrival, a Spanish mission, a Civil War battlefield, and a former cattle ranch. Authors Cori Knudten and Maren Bzdek cover these shifting [End Page 479] land uses within the changing political and social landscape of the upper Pecos Valley.

Arranged chronologically, the book highlights the successive management regimes of the Indigenous Pecos people, Hispanic settlers, Anglo settlers, Civil War soldiers, later ranchers (including dude ranches), and finally the state and federal managers. Subsistence farming, commercial livestock grazing, mining, timber cutting, and tourism all affected, and sometimes degraded, the arid, mountainous environs of the upper Pecos Valley. In addition to changing land practices, Knudten and Bzdek cover the contentious land claims common in U.S. Southwest history. For Indigenous people, centuries of disease, Apache and Comanche raiding, Hispano land grabs, and other challenges made life at Pecos Pueblo increasingly untenable. They moved to Jemez Pueblo in 1838. For the Hispanic settlers, the aftermath of the Mexican-American War led to more American settlement in the area and loss of previous land grants. Given the layered history of dispossession, conflicts continued far into the twentieth century.

The book's coverage reflects its own origins. It started out as a National Park Service (NPS) contract and historical report by the two authors. The early chapters synthesize archaeological studies, translated documents, and secondary sources. Southwestern historians will not find much new here, but the focus on the upper Pecos Valley offers an entry point into this larger history for general readers and tourists. In later chapters, the authors use more archival sources, manuscript collections, and the occasional interview. Given these origins, the chapters that focus on the twentieth century and federal management remain the strongest.

In 1935, the lands around Pecos Pueblo were transferred to the state of New Mexico. The lack of funding and protections for the ruins that followed from state-monument status proved problematic. This eventually led to Pecos Pueblo becoming a national monument administered by the National Park Service, a designation that became official in 1966. The site also benefited from philanthropic neighbors. Oil tycoon Elijah E. "Buddy" Fogelson and his actress wife, Greer Garson Fogelson, donated money and parts of their massive ranch to the monument. In the late 1980s, after Fogelson died, the Mellon Foundation bought a 5,500-acre parcel of the ranch to donate to NPS. Southwest writer and conservationist William deBuys helped broker the deal. Such an addition required administrative changes, and in 1990, the monument became Pecos National Historic Park.

Despite NPS's success in preserving the history of Pecos Pueblo, until recently few management decisions included the involvement of Pecos descendants from Jemez Pueblo and elsewhere. The authors noted that policies changed in the 1990s to include Pecos people as stakeholders in NPS management. But given its importance, I wished for more coverage [End Page 480] and analysis of this topic. Overall, Crossroads of Change offers a succinct resource for historians interested in federal management of southwestern public lands and should make a fine addition to the park store's shelves at Pecos National Historic Park.

审核人：

• 变化的十字路口：科里·克努登（Cori Knudten）和马伦·布兹德（Maren Bzdek），佩科斯的人民与土地
• 詹·科林·布朗（Jen Corrinne Brown）

俄克拉何马大学出版社的《公共土地历史》丛书的一部分是变革的十字路口，是佩科斯国家历史公园的环境史。该公园位于新墨西哥州圣达菲（Santa Fe）东南30分钟车程处，靠近桑格里克里斯多山（Sangre de Cristo Mountains）佩科斯河（Pecos River）的水源，并提供西南历史的独特概览。它保护着Pecos Pueblo（西班牙到达时最大的镇之一），西班牙特派团，南北战争战场和前牛牧场的废墟。作者Cori Knudten和Maren Bzdek涵盖了这些不断变化的[End Page 479]在Pecos山谷上游不断变化的政治和社会景观中的土地使用情况。

该书按时间顺序排列，着重介绍了土著佩科斯人，西班牙裔定居者，盎格鲁定居者，内战士兵，后来的牧场主（包括花花公子牧场）以及州和联邦管理人员的接连管理体制。自给农耕，商业牲畜放牧，采矿，砍伐木材和旅游业都影响了佩科斯河谷上游的干旱山区环境，有时甚至使其退化。除了改变土地惯例之外，克努登（Knudten）和比兹德克（Bzdek）还涵盖了美国西南历史上普遍存在的土地争议。对于土著人民而言，数百年来的疾病，阿帕奇（Apache）和科曼奇（Comanche）袭击，西班牙裔土地抢夺以及其他挑战使Pecos Pueblo的生活变得越来越难以维持。1838年，他们搬到了杰米兹·普韦布洛（Jemez Pueblo）。对于西班牙裔移民，墨西哥美国战争的后果导致更多的美国人在该地区定居，并失去了以前的土地赠与。鉴于剥夺的历史悠久，冲突一直持续到20世纪。

这本书的封面反映了它的起源。最初是作为两位作者的国家公园服务（NPS）合同和历史报告而创建的。前几章综合了考古研究，翻译的文献和第二手资料。西南历史学家在这里不会发现太多新事物，但是对Pecos山谷上游的关注为广大读者和游客提供了进入更广阔历史的切入点。在随后的章节中，作者将使用更多的档案资料，手稿收藏以及不定期的采访。鉴于这些渊源，着重于20世纪和联邦管理的章节仍然是最强的。

1935年，佩科斯镇（Pecos Pueblo）周围的土地被转移到新墨西哥州。事实证明，由于国家纪念碑地位而导致的废墟缺乏资金和保护，这是有问题的。这最终导致Pecos Pueblo成为由国家公园管理局管理的国家纪念碑，这一名称于1966年正式启用。该遗址还受益于慈善邻居。石油大亨Elijah E.“ Buddy” Fogelson和他的女演员妻子Greer Garson Fogelson向纪念碑捐赠了金钱和部分牧场。在1980年代后期，福格尔森（Fogelson）死后，梅隆基金会（Mellon Foundation）购买了一个5500英亩的牧场，以捐赠给NPS。西南作家兼环境保护主义者威廉·德比斯（William deBuys）帮助促成了这笔交易。这样的增加需要进行行政上的更改，在1990年，

尽管NPS在保存Pecos Pueblo的历史方面取得了成功，但直到最近，很少有管理决策包括Jemez Pueblo和其他地方的Pecos后裔的参与。作者指出，政策在1990年代发生了变化，将Pecos人作为NPS管理的利益相关者。但是考虑到它的重要性，我希望对此有更多的报道[End Page 480]和分析。总体而言，Chan ge的Crossroads为对西南联邦公共土地的联邦管理感兴趣的历史学家提供了简洁的资源，并且应该在Pecos国家历史公园的公园商店的货架上做个很好的补充。