Reviewed by:

• Tejano Patriot: The Revolutionary Life of José Francisco Ruiz, 1783–1840 by Art Martínez de Vara
• Gerald Poyo

Art Martínez de Vara's biography of José Francisco Ruiz is another in a growing list of biographies of Tejano leaders of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Well-written and readable, the book skillfully weaves and contextualizes Ruiz's life into a broader historical story, providing more than the title's promise. Martínez de Vara's fourteen chapters include excellent coverage of the late Spanish period, the Mexican independence era, the Mexican period, Native American affairs, relations with the United States, and Texas independence and politics through 1840.

As with other books on Tejano political figures of this era, this text explores Ruiz as what historian Raúl Ramos has called a cultural broker among Mexicans, Anglos Americans, and Native Americans. Also, in keeping with prevailing historiography, the study adheres to the now familiar interpretation of Béxar's Tejano elites as mostly provincially minded and pragmatic historical actors primarily interested in defending their town and region from centralized power in Mexico City while pursuing economic interests with those coming from the east. Martínez de Vara tells us that Ruiz prioritized his economic interests, protected local prerogatives, and threw his lot in with Anglo Americans and Texas independence.

Besides exploring these themes, Martínez de Vara explores, albeit briefly, a mostly unexplored aspect of Tejano intellectual history. He draws on Raúl Coronado's award-winning book A World Not to Come: A History of Latino Writing and Print Culture (Harvard University Press, 2013), which [End Page 482] treats religious and philosophical currents in northeastern New Spain in the late eighteenth century. Martínez de Vara embraces Coronado's argument that the region's elites shared a worldview framed by Spanish Catholic liberalism and scholasticism. Coronado traced this through the writings of Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara, an ardent supporter of insurgent leader Miguel de Hidalgo, who invaded Béxar from Louisiana in 1813 and declared Texas an independent Mexican state. Martínez de Vara confidently argues that Gutiérrez de Lara's ideas also influenced Ruíz and his fellow elite Bexareños as they made revolutionary decisions during the Hidalgo era and later.

While Martínez de Vara's view that Ruiz and others in this frontier town shared Bernardo de Lara's revolutionary commitment to liberal Catholic principles in 1813, he does not explicitly explore the theme through the rest of the book. Instead he describes Ruiz as a man with a pragmatic understanding that his economic interests and future lay to the east among Anglo-American Protestant immigrants. The need to pursue pragmatic actions driven by circumstance certainly competed with his Catholic values, but how did his thinking evolve over time? Given the thorough research reflected in this book, apparently Ruiz did not leave much testimony on the subject; Martínez de Vara does not return to the question along the way except to reiterate the point in the conclusion.

The extent to which Catholicism and scholasticism influenced the political worldview of Ruiz and other Béxar elites remains an open question, but Martínez de Vara did a favor in raising the issue and alerting Tejano biographers to explore the intellectual history of these important figures. In the process, historians may even explore the extent to which Tejano liberals may have shared similar views with fellow travelers in Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico during this period and later who also pragmatically looked to the United States as a model for their own societies even to the point of outright annexation.

审核人：

• 特雅诺·爱国者（Tejano Patriot）：何塞·弗朗西斯科·鲁伊斯（JoséFrancisco Ruiz）的革命生活，1783-1840年，马丁·内涅斯·德·瓦拉（ArtMartínezde Vara）
• 杰拉尔德·波约

马丁·马丁内斯·德瓦拉（ArtMartínezde Vara）的乔斯·弗朗西斯科·鲁伊斯（JoséFrancisco Ruiz）传记是18世纪末至19世纪初Tejano领导人传记中不断增加的另一本。这本书写得好，易读，巧妙地将鲁伊斯的生活编织和融入了更广阔的历史故事中，提供了比书名所承诺的更多的东西。马丁内斯·德瓦拉（Martínezde Vara）的十四章涵盖了西班牙晚期，墨西哥独立时代，墨西哥时期，美洲原住民事务，与美国的关系以及直到1840年的得克萨斯州独立和政治。

与有关该时代Tejano政治人物的其他书籍一样，本文也将鲁伊斯作为历史学家劳尔·拉莫斯（RaúlRamos）所称的墨西哥人，盎格鲁美国人和美洲原住民之间的文化经纪人。另外，为了与当时的历史学保持一致，该研究坚持了对贝沙尔（Béxar）的特哈诺（Tejano）精英的熟悉的解释，他们主要是省级思想和务实的历史人物，主要兴趣是捍卫自己的城镇和地区免受墨西哥城的中央集权，同时追求经济利益来自那些来自墨西哥的人。东部。马丁内斯·德瓦拉（Martínezde Vara）告诉我们，鲁伊斯（Ruiz）优先考虑其经济利益，保护当地特权，并与英美资源集团（Anglo Americans）和得克萨斯州独立一起投身于此。

除了探索这些主题之外，马丁内斯·德瓦拉（Martínezde Vara）也在探索Tejano知识史上一个几乎未曾探索过的方面，尽管很短暂。他借鉴了劳尔·科罗纳多（RaúlCoronado）屡获殊荣的著作《一个不来的世界：拉丁美洲人写作和印刷文化的历史》（哈佛大学出版社，2013年），该书的结尾[482页]对待十八世纪末新西班牙东北部的宗教和哲学潮流。马丁内斯·德瓦拉（Martínezde Vara）接受科罗纳多（Coronado）的论点，即该地区的精英阶层享有以西班牙天主教自由主义和学术弹性为框架的世界观。科罗纳多追溯到叛乱领导人米格尔·德·伊达尔戈（Miguel de Hidalgo）的热心支持者贝尔纳多·古铁雷斯·德·拉拉（BernardoGutiérrezde Lara）的著作，他于1813年从路易斯安那入侵贝克斯，并宣布得克萨斯州为独立的墨西哥州。马丁内斯·德瓦拉自信地指出，古铁雷斯·德拉·拉拉的思想在伊达尔戈时代及其后的革命性决定中也影响了鲁伊斯和他的精英比克萨雷诺斯人。

马丁内斯·德瓦拉（Martínezde Vara）认为鲁伊斯和这个边境城镇的其他人都认同贝尔纳多·德·拉拉（Bernardo de Lara）在1813年对自由天主教原则的革命性承诺，但他并未在本书的其余部分中明确探讨这一主题。相反，他将鲁伊斯描述为一个具有务实理解的人，认为他的经济利益和未来在英美新教移民中居于东方。因环境而采取务实行动的需要无疑与他的天主教价值观相抗衡，但是随着时间的流逝，他的思想又如何演变？鉴于本书所进行的深入研究，鲁伊斯显然没有在这个问题上留下很多证词；马丁内斯·德瓦拉（Martínezde Vara）除了重申结论中的要点外，一路上没有再回答这个问题。

天主教和学问主义在多大程度上影响了鲁伊斯和其他贝克萨尔精英的政治世界观，仍然是一个悬而未决的问题，但马丁内斯·德瓦拉（Martínezde Vara）在提出这个问题并提醒特雅诺传记作者探索这些重要人物的思想史方面做出了帮助。在此过程中，历史学家甚至可能探索在这段时期内，Tejano自由主义者可能与墨西哥，古巴，多米尼加共和国和波多黎各的同行同伴分享相似观点的程度，后来他们也务实地将美国作为榜样为自己的社会，甚至完全吞并。