The retinal image is insufficient for determining what is “out there,” because many different real-world geometries could produce any given retinal image. Thus, the visual system must infer which external cause is most likely, given both the sensory data and prior knowledge that is either innate or learned via interactions with the environment. We will describe a general framework of “hierarchical Bayesian inference” that we and others have used to explore the role of cortico-cortical feedback in the visual system, and we will further argue that this approach to “seeing” makes our visual systems prone to perceptual errors in a variety of different ways. In this deliberately provocative and biased perspective, we argue that the neuromodulator, dopamine, may be a crucial link between neural circuits performing Bayesian inference and the perceptual idiosyncrasies of people with schizophrenia.
Brain Behav Evol

中文翻译：

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错觉、错觉和你的后向贝叶斯大脑：有偏见的视觉视角

视网膜图像不足以确定“外面”是什么，因为许多不同的现实世界几何形状可以产生任何给定的视网膜图像。因此，视觉系统必须根据感官数据和先天知识或通过与环境相互作用习得的先验知识来推断最有可能的外部原因。我们将描述我们和其他人用来探索皮质-皮质反馈在视觉系统中的作用的“分层贝叶斯推理”的一般框架，并且我们将进一步认为这种“观看”的方法使我们的视觉系统容易各种不同方式的知觉错误。在这种故意挑衅和有偏见的观点中，我们认为神经调节剂多巴胺可能是执行贝叶斯推理的神经回路与精神分裂症患者的感知特质之间的关键联系。
大脑行为进化