A grid-filtered scale interface-resolved volume of fluid (VoF) model coupling a sub-grid scale large eddy simulation (LES) was used to directly simulate bubble behavior and the evolution of multiphase interfaces and free surfaces in a bubble–metal–slag multiphase system. The model has been applied to an industrial 150-ton gas-stirred ladle. The results show transient behavior of the slag eye, with large variations over time of the eye size. Bubble detachment frequency and rise characteristics (including coalescence and breakup) directly affect the size, position and variation of the slag eye. The effects of the argon flow rate, slag thickness, slag viscosity, and slag–steel interfacial energy were investigated; the latter two have little effect. The calculated average slag eye size agrees with previously reported results for industrial ladles. A new correlation for the time-averaged slag eye area, based on the modified Froude number, is proposed for industrial ladles.

网格过滤尺度的界面分辨流体体积（VoF）模型与亚网格尺度的大涡模拟（LES）耦合，用于直接模拟气泡行为以及气泡-金属-炉渣中多相界面和自由表面的演变多相系统。该模型已应用于工业150吨燃气搅拌钢包。结果显示了渣眼的瞬态行为，随着时间的流逝，渣眼的尺寸会有很大的变化。气泡脱离的频率和上升特性（包括聚结和破裂）直接影响渣眼的大小，位置和变化。研究了氩气流量，炉渣厚度，炉渣粘度和炉渣-钢界面能的影响。后两者影响不大。计算出的平均渣眼尺寸与先前报道的工业钢包结果一致。