The battery is probably the most commonly used power supply for electronic devices. However, batteries are gradually becoming insufficient for powering many of the emerging devices that have started to dominate our lives, such as portable electronics, wearable smart devices, and wireless sensor networks. The general reason for this insufficiency is the high cost of replacing the batteries. Take the wireless sensor network as an example; the sensor device might not be easily accessible and the number of the sensor nodes is often very large (more than thousands) [1]. One of the major costs of battery replacement is the loss of productivity due to the machine downtime and the effort to reintegrate the offline device into the network. In some critical applications, preventive battery replacement is often practiced owing to the difficulty of determining the state of charge of a battery [2], further increasing the frequency of battery replacement. In addition, the cost of battery replacement is further boosted by the cost of labor and inventory, as well as the cost of the equipment and the consumables needed. Perpetua Corporation has estimated that the cost for battery replacement per component for certain industries can be as high as US$550 [3]. Furthermore, there is a growing concern over the recyclability of batteries and their disposal-related environmental issues. Therefore, it is ideal to gain the energy for electronic devices from the environment in which they operate. Vibration-such as from human motions, machinery vibrations, vehicle vibrations, and building vibrations-is an attractive energy source for powering those electronic devices owing to its abundance in the environment.

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收集振动能：技术和挑战

电池可能是电子设备最常用的电源。但是，电池逐渐变得不足以为许多已经开始主导我们生活的新兴设备供电，例如便携式电子设备，可穿戴智能设备和无线传感器网络。这种不足的普遍原因是更换电池的高昂成本。以无线传感器网络为例；传感器设备可能不容易访问，并且传感器节点的数量通常非常大（超过数千个）[1]。更换电池的主要成本之一是由于机器停机以及将离线设备重新集成到网络中而导致的生产力损失。在某些关键应用中 由于难以确定电池的充电状态[2]，因此经常进行预防性的电池更换，从而进一步增加了电池更换的频率。此外，人工和库存成本以及设备和所需消耗品的成本进一步提高了更换电池的成本。Perpetua公司估计，在某些行业中，每个组件更换电池的成本可能高达550美元[3]。此外，人们越来越关注电池的可回收性及其与处置有关的环境问题。因此，理想的是从它们运行的​​环境中为电子设备获取能量。振动-例如人体运动，机械振动，车辆振动，