The crustacean first antenna, or antennule, has been an experimental model for studying sensory biology for over 150 years. Investigations have led to a clearer understanding of the functional organization of the antennule as an olfactory organ but also to a realization that the antennule is much more than that. Across the Crustacea, the antennules take on many forms and functions. As an example, the antennule of reptantian decapods has many types of sensilla, each with distinct structure and function and with hundreds of thousands of chemosensory neurons expressing hundreds of genes that code for diverse classes of receptor proteins. Together, these antennular sensilla represent multiple chemosensory pathways, each with its own central connections and functions. The antennule also has a diversity of sensors of mechanical stimuli, including vibrations, touch, water flow, and the animal’s own movements. The antennule likely also detects other environmental cues, such as temperature, oxygen, pH, salinity, and noxious stimuli. Furthermore, the antennule is a motor organ—it is flicked to temporally and spatially sample the animal’s chemo-mechanical surroundings—and this information is used in resolving the structure of chemical plumes and locating the odor source. The antennule is also adapted to maintain lifelong function in a changing environment. For example, it has specific secretory glands, grooming structures, and behaviors to stay clean and functional. Antennular sensilla and the annuli on which they reside are also added and replaced, leading to a complete turnover of the antennule over several molts. Thus, the antennule is a complex and dynamic sensory-motor integrator that is intricately engaged in most aspects of the lives of crustaceans.

中文翻译：

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甲壳类动物的前庭：适应多种环境和生活方式中终生功能的复杂器官

甲壳类动物的第一根天线或触角已成为150多年来研究感官生物学的实验模型。通过研究，人们可以更清楚地了解作为嗅觉器官的血管的功能组织，但同时也意识到，血管的功能远不止于此。整个甲壳动物的末端都有许多形式和功能。例如，reptantian十足动物的前足具有多种类型的感官，每种感官具有独特的结构和功能，并且具有成千上万的化学感应神经元，它们表达数百种编码不同种类受体蛋白的基因。这些触角感受器共同代表了多个化学感应通路，每个通路都有其自己的中央连接和功能。触角还具有多种机械刺激传感器，包括振动，触摸，水流和动物自身的动作。触角还可能检测到其他环境提示，例如温度，氧气，pH，盐度和有害刺激。此外，该触角是一种运动器官-可以轻拂以在时间和空间上对动物的化学机械环境进行采样-并且该信息用于解析化学羽流的结构和查找气味源。该环也适于在不断变化的环境中维持终生功能。例如，它具有特定的分泌腺，修饰结构以及保持清洁和功能的行为。还添加并替换了触角感觉器和它们所驻留的环，从而导致整个蜕皮上的环完全周转。因此，