To maximize visualization effectiveness, graphical data are commonly augmented with text to provide detailed information and define specific values. This text is often displayed in a pop-up dialog box pertaining to an object, permitting simultaneous display of the object and associated alphanumeric information. However, a human operator performance cost may be incurred when the resulting portrayal occludes critical information within the visualization. To address this issue, we developed and evaluated three alternative, spatially constrained, text portrayal techniques. These techniques and their associated access interface were designed to reduce occlusion while providing rapid access to desired alphanumeric data. Each technique was evaluated against the pop-up dialog using a dual-task human performance paradigm. Performance measures included accuracy, response time, display occlusion, and subjective feedback. The basis for the spatially-constrained text access technique design, their implementation affordances, and limitations are discussed. The alternative techniques and their user interface concepts resulted in mixed accuracy and response time performance compared to the pop-up dialog. Specific design features reduced data access time to one third of the time required to access the spatially-constrained text access techniques. Overall, equivalent performance was obtained among the variants while the potential for occlusion was reduced during use of the novel designs.

为了最大化可视化效果，通常在图形数据中添加文本以提供详细的信息并定义特定的值。此文本通常显示在与对象有关的弹出对话框中，允许同时显示对象和关联的字母数字信息。但是，当最终的描述掩盖了可视化过程中的关键信息时，可能会产生人工操作人员的性能成本。为了解决这个问题，我们开发并评估了三种替代的，受空间限制的文字描述技术。这些技术及其相关的访问界面旨在减少遮挡，同时提供对所需字母数字数据的快速访问。使用双任务人类绩效范例针对弹出对话框评估了每种技术。绩效指标包括准确性，响应时间，显示遮挡和主观反馈。讨论了空间受限的文本访问技术设计的基础，其实现能力和局限性。与弹出对话框相比，替代技术及其用户界面概念导致混合的准确性和响应时间性能。特定的设计功能将数据访问时间减少到访问空间受限的文本访问技术所需时间的三分之一。总体而言，在使用新设计的过程中，变体之间获得了等效的性能，同时降低了遮挡的可能性。和限制进行了讨论。与弹出对话框相比，替代技术及其用户界面概念导致混合的准确性和响应时间性能。特定的设计功能将数据访问时间减少到访问空间受限的文本访问技术所需时间的三分之一。总体而言，在使用新设计的过程中，变体之间获得了等效的性能，同时降低了遮挡的可能性。和限制进行了讨论。与弹出对话框相比，替代技术及其用户界面概念导致混合的准确性和响应时间性能。特定的设计功能将数据访问时间减少到访问空间受限的文本访问技术所需时间的三分之一。总体而言，在使用新设计的过程中，变体之间获得了等效的性能，同时降低了遮挡的可能性。