Multimodal neuroimaging assessments were utilized to identify generalizable brain correlates of current body mass index (BMI) and predictors of pathological weight gain (i.e., beyond normative development) one year later. Multimodal data from children enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study® at 9-to-10-years-old, consisted of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), resting state (rs), and three task-based functional (f) MRI scans assessing reward processing, inhibitory control, and working memory. Cross-validated elastic-net regression revealed widespread structural associations with BMI (e.g., cortical thickness, surface area, subcortical volume, and DTI), which explained 35% of the variance in the training set and generalized well to the test set (R² = 0.27). Widespread rsfMRI inter- and intra-network correlations were related to BMI (R²_train = 0.21; R²_test = 0.14), as were regional activations on the working memory task (R²_train = 0.20; (R² _test = 0.16). However, reward and inhibitory control tasks were unrelated to BMI. Further, pathological weight gain was predicted by structural features (Area Under the Curve (AUC)_train = 0.83; AUC_test = 0.83, p < 0.001), but not by fMRI nor rsfMRI. These results establish generalizable brain correlates of current weight and future pathological weight gain. These results also suggest that sMRI may have particular value for identifying children at risk for pathological weight gain.

多模态神经影像学评估被用于识别当前体重指数 (BMI) 的普遍脑相关因素和一年后病理性体重增加的预测因素（即，超出规范发展）。来自 9 至 10 岁参加青少年脑认知发展研究® 的儿童的多模式数据，包括结构磁共振成像 (MRI)、弥散张量成像 (DTI)、静息状态 (rs) 和三个任务基于功能的 (f) MRI 扫描评估奖励处理、抑制控制和工作记忆。交叉验证的弹性网络回归揭示了与 BMI 的广泛结构关联（例如，皮质厚度、表面积、皮质下体积和 DTI），这解释了训练集中 35% 的方差并很好地推广到测试集中 (R ²= 0.27）。广泛的 rsfMRI 网络间和网络内相关性与 BMI 相关（R ²_训练= 0.21；R ²_测试= 0.14），工作记忆任务的区域激活也是如此（R ²_训练= 0.20；（R ² _测试= 0.16） . 然而，奖励和抑制控制任务与 BMI 无关。此外，病理性体重增加由结构特征预测（曲线下面积 (AUC)_训练= 0.83；AUC_测试= 0.83，p< 0.001)，但不是通过 fMRI 或 rsfMRI。这些结果建立了当前体重和未来病理性体重增加的普遍大脑相关性。这些结果还表明，sMRI 可能对识别有病理性体重增加风险的儿童具有特殊价值。