Land management focused from the social-ecological perspective of ecosystem services should consider cultural services in decision-making processes. Nature-based tourism offers a great potential for landscape conservation, local development and the well-being of human populations. However, the subjectivity of recreational ecosystem services has meant a clear impediment to assessing and mapping them. In this study, an integrated numerical spatial method is developed, which quantifies the supply and demand of recreational ecosystem services and allows mapping their spatial correspondence along a rural-urban gradient. The procedure also allows quantifying the influence of the landscape structure and the presence of protected areas on the degree of coupling between supply of recreational ecosystem services and demand for outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism and reveals that protected areas are hotspots of recreational ecosystem services. The results obtained highlight the usefulness of the methodological procedure developed as a tool for sustainable land planning and management from an integrative social-ecological approach.

中文翻译：

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娱乐性和自然旅游作为一种文化生态系统服务。西班牙中部城乡梯度的评估和制图

从生态系统服务的社会生态角度出发的土地管理应在决策过程中考虑文化服务。基于自然的旅游业为景​​观保护，当地发展和人民的福祉提供了巨大的潜力。然而，休闲生态系统服务的主观性明显地阻碍了对其进行评估和绘图。在这项研究中，开发了一种综合的数值空间方法，该方法量化了休闲生态系统服务的供需，并允许沿城乡梯度映射其空间对应关系。该程序还可以量化景观结构和保护区的存在对休闲生态系统服务的供应与户外休闲和自然旅游的需求之间的耦合程度的影响，并揭示保护区是休闲生态系统服务的热点。所获得的结果突显了从综合社会生态学方法发展为可持续土地规划和管理工具的方法学程序的有用性。