Innovative techniques, such as environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding, are now promoting broader biodiversity monitoring at unprecedented scales, because of the reduction in time, presumably lower cost, and methodological efficiency. Our goal was to assess the efficiency of established inventory techniques (live-trapping grids, pitfall traps, camera trapping, mist netting) as well as eDNA for detecting Amazonian mammals. For terrestrial small mammals, we used 32 live-trapping grids based on Sherman and Tomahawk traps (total effort of 10,368 trap-nights); in addition to 16 pitfall traps (1,408 trap-nights). For bats, we used mist nets at 8 sites (4,800 net hours). For medium and large mammals, we used 72 camera trap stations (5,208 camera-days). We identified vertebrate and mammal taxa based on eDNA analysis (12S region, with V05 and Mamm01 markers) from water samples, including a total of 11 3-km transects for stagnant water sampling and seven small streams for running water sampling. A total of 106 mammal species were recorded. Building on sample-based rarefaction and extrapolation curves, both trapping grids and pitfall were successful, recording 91.16% and 82.1% of the expected species for these techniques (~22 and ~9 species), and 16.98% and 6.60% of the total recorded mammal species, respectively. Mist nets recorded 83.2% of the expected bat species (~48), and 34.91% of the total recorded species. Camera trapping recorded 99.2% of the predicted large- and medium-sized species (~31), and 33.02% of the total recorded species. eDNA recorded 75.4% of the expected mammal species for this technique (~68), and 47.0% of the total recorded species. eDNA resulted in a useful tool that saves on effort and reduces sampling costs. This study is among the first to show the large potential of eDNA metabarcoding for assessing Amazonian mammal communities, providing, in combination with conventional techniques, a rapid overview of mammal diversity with broad applications to monitoring, management and conservation. By including appropriate genetic markers and updated reference databases, eDNA metabarcoding method can be extended to the whole vertebrate community.

中文翻译：

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环境 DNA 元条形码作为评估热带森林陆生哺乳动物多样性的有用工具

环境 DNA (eDNA) 元条形码等创新技术现在正在以前所未有的规模促进更广泛的生物多样性监测，因为时间缩短、成本可能更低、方法效率更高。我们的目标是评估现有库存技术（实时捕获网格、陷阱陷阱、相机捕获、雾网）以及用于检测亚马逊哺乳动物的 eDNA 的效率。对于陆生小型哺乳动物，我们使用了 32 个基于 Sherman 和 Tomahawk 陷阱的活体捕捉网格（总共 10,368 个陷阱之夜）；除了 16 个陷阱（1,408 个陷阱之夜）。对于蝙蝠，我们在 8 个站点（4,800 个净小时）使用了雾网。对于中型和大型哺乳动物，我们使用了 72 个相机陷阱站（5,208 个相机日）。我们根据 eDNA 分析（12S 区域、V05 和 Mamm01 标记）来自水样，包括总共 11 条 3 公里的横断面用于死水采样和 7 条小溪流用于流水采样。共记录了 106 种哺乳动物。基于样本的稀疏和外推曲线，捕获网格和陷阱都成功，记录了这些技术预期物种的 91.16% 和 82.1%（~22 和~9 物种），以及记录总数的 16.98% 和 6.60%哺乳动物物种，分别。雾网记录了 83.2% 的预期蝙蝠物种（~48），占总记录物种的 34.91%。相机诱捕记录了 99.2% 的预测大中型物种（~31）和总记录物种的 33.02%。eDNA 记录了该技术预期哺乳动物物种的 75.4% (~68)，以及记录物种总数的 47.0%。eDNA 是一种有用的工具，可以节省工作量并降低采样成本。这项研究首次展示了 eDNA 元条形码在评估亚马逊哺乳动物群落方面的巨大潜力，结合传统技术，提供了对哺乳动物多样性的快速概览，并广泛应用于监测、管理和保护。通过包括适当的遗传标记和更新的参考数据库，eDNA 元条形码方法可以扩展到整个脊椎动物群落。管理和保护。通过包括适当的遗传标记和更新的参考数据库，eDNA 元条形码方法可以扩展到整个脊椎动物群落。管理和保护。通过包括适当的遗传标记和更新的参考数据库，eDNA 元条形码方法可以扩展到整个脊椎动物群落。