Measuring the multidimensional diversity properties of a community is of great importance for ecologists, conservationists and stakeholders. Diversity profiles, a plotted series of Hill numbers, simultaneously capture the common diversity indices. However, diversity metrics require information on species abundance, often relying on raw count data without accounting for imperfect and varying detection. Hierarchical occupancy models account for variation in detectability, and Hill numbers have been expanded to allow estimation based on occupancy probability. But the ability of occupancy-based diversity profiles to reproduce patterns in abundance-based diversity has not been investigated. Here, we fit community occupancy models to simulated animal communities to explore how well occupancy-based diversity profiles reflect patterns in true abundance-based diversity. Because we expect occupancy-based diversity to be overestimated, we further tested a occupancy thresholding approach to reduce potential biases in the estimated diversity profiles. Finally, we use empirical bird community data to present how the framework can be extended to consider species similarity. The simulation study showed that occupancy-based diversity profiles produced among-community patterns in diversity similar to true abundance diversity profiles, although within-community diversity was generally overestimated. Applying an occupancy threshold reduced positive bias, but resulted in negative bias in richness estimates and slightly reduced the ability to reproduce true differences among the simulated communities; thus, we do not recommend application of this threshold. Application of our approach to a large bird dataset indicated differential species diversity patterns in communities of different habitat types. Accounting for phylogenetic and ecological similarities between species reduced variability in diversity among habitats. Our framework allows investigating the complexity of diversity from species detection data, while accounting for imperfect and varying detection probabilities, as well as species similarities. Visualizing results in the form of diversity profiles facilitates comparison of diversity between sites or across time. The approach offers opportunities for further development, for example by using local abundances estimated using the Royle–Nichols or N-mixture models and further exploration of thresholding methods. In spite of some challenges, occupancy-based diversity profiles are useful for studying and monitoring patterns in biodiversity.

中文翻译：

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基于占用的多样性概况：捕捉生物多样性的复杂性，同时考虑到不完善的检测。

衡量一个社区的多维多样性特性对于生态学家、保护主义者和利益相关者来说非常重要。多样性概况，一系列绘制的希尔数，同时捕获常见的多样性指数。然而，多样性指标需要有关物种丰度的信息，通常依赖于原始计数数据，而不考虑不完善和变化的检测。分层占用模型解释了可检测性的变化，并且希尔数已被扩展以允许基于占用概率的估计。但尚未研究基于占用的多样性概况再现基于丰度的多样性模式的能力。这里，我们将社区占用模型与模拟动物社区相匹配，以探索基于占用的多样性概况如何反映真正基于丰度的多样性模式。因为我们预计基于占用的多样性会被高估，所以我们进一步测试了一种占用阈值方法，以减少估计的多样性配置文件中的潜在偏差。最后，我们使用经验鸟类群落数据来展示如何扩展框架以考虑物种相似性。模拟研究表明，虽然社区内多样性普遍被高估，但基于占用的多样性概况产生了类似于真实丰度多样性概况的社区间多样性模式。应用占用阈值减少了正偏差，但导致了丰富度估计的负偏差，并略微降低了在模拟社区之间重现真实差异的能力；因此，我们不建议应用此阈值。将我们的方法应用于大型鸟类数据集表明不同栖息地类型的群落中存在不同的物种多样性模式。考虑到物种之间的系统发育和生态相似性，减少了栖息地之间多样性的变异性。我们的框架允许从物种检测数据中调查多样性的复杂性，同时考虑到不完美和变化的检测概率，以及物种的相似性。以多样性概况的形式可视化结果有助于比较站点之间或跨时间的多样性。该方法提供了进一步发展的机会，例如，通过使用使用 Royle-Nichols 或 N-mixture 模型估计的局部丰度以及进一步探索阈值方法。尽管存在一些挑战，但基于占用的多样性概况对于研究和监测生物多样性的模式很有用。