Starting from the early 2000s, Paired Associative Stimulation (PAS) protocols have been exploited in humans to study brain connectivity in motor and sensory networks by exploiting the intrinsic properties of timing-dependent cortical plasticity. In the last ten years, PAS have also been developed to investigate the plastic properties of complex cerebral systems, such as the frontal ones, with promising results. In the present work, we review the most recent advances of this technique, focusing on protocols targeting frontal cortices to investigate connectivity and its plastic properties, subtending high-order cognitive functions like memory, decision-making, attentional, or emotional processing. Overall, current evidence reveals that PAS can be effectively used to assess, enhance or depress physiological connectivity within frontal networks in a timing-dependent way, in turn modulating cognitive processing in healthy and pathological conditions.

中文翻译：

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使用配对关联刺激协议调节额叶网络的时序依赖性可塑性：最新进展和未来观点

从2000年代初开始，人们开始使用配对联想刺激（PAS）协议，通过利用时序相关的皮质可塑性的内在特性来研究运动和感觉网络中的大脑连通性。在过去的十年中，PAS还被开发用于研究复杂的大脑系统（例如额叶）的塑性特性，并取得了可喜的成果。在目前的工作中，我们回顾了这项技术的最新进展，重点关注针对额叶皮层的协议，以研究连通性及其可塑性，将诸如记忆，决策，注意力或情感加工等高级认知功能归类于此。总体而言，当前证据表明，可以将PAS有效地用于评估，