Despite the economic importance of temperature measurement and 300 years of scientific research into thermal phenomena, temperature remains one of the least understood and most difficult to measure of all physical quantities. Indeed, our current ability to measure temperature in accordance with thermodynamics fails to meet our needs. This review paints a broad overview of temperature measurement, with insights into the evolution and meaning of the concept of temperature, the structure of different temperature scales and their limitations, the most accurate primary measurement techniques, the International Temperature Scale of 1990, and speculations on future developments.

尽管温度测量具有重要的经济意义，并且对热现象进行了 300 年的科学研究，但温度仍然是所有物理量中最不为人知且最难测量的量之一。事实上，我们目前根据热力学测量温度的能力无法满足我们的需求。这篇综述对温度测量进行了广泛的概述，深入了解了温度概念的演变和含义、不同温标的结构及其局限性、最准确的主要测量技术、1990 年国际温标，以及对温度的推测。未来的发展。