In many cold regions of the world, the percentage of trips made by bicycle drops drastically during the winter months. To facilitate increased bicycle usage during the winter, we studied the effect of typical winter conditions on bicycle rolling resistance and cycling comfort. An instrumented bicycle was used to measure bicycle rolling resistance under various winter conditions on streets and cycleways in Trondheim, Norway. The rolling resistance was estimated by first measuring propulsive and resistive forces on a moving bicycle and then solving the force equilibrium. Simultaneously, the test cyclist subjectively evaluated the level of cycling comfort, and video recordings were made to document the conditions. Data were collected on 103 road sections, including three levels of service (maintenance standards). The results showed that rolling resistance increased significantly in accordance with increasing loose snow depths. Dry and wet snow leads to a higher rolling resistance than slush does at the same depth. Similarly, increased rolling resistance correlates with reduced cycling comfort. Rolling resistance coefficients (C_rr) higher than 0.025 noticeably reduce cycling comfort. The road sections that were maintained with a bare road winter maintenance strategy (using anti-icing chemicals, brushing and/or plowing) provided significantly lower rolling resistance and higher levels of cycling comfort than the sections maintained with a winter road strategy (only plowing and sanding). This study shows that rolling resistance measurements may be used to estimate winter cycling comfort indirectly. Therefore, rolling resistance may be useful for improving winter maintenance operations and controls. Better winter maintenance is essential for increasing bicycle usage in the winter.

在世界上许多寒冷的地区，冬季骑自行车旅行的百分比急剧下降。为了促进冬季增加自行车使用量，我们研究了典型冬季条件对自行车滚动阻力和骑车舒适性的影响。在挪威特隆赫姆的街道和自行车道上，使用仪器仪表的自行车来测量各种冬季条件下自行车的滚动阻力。通过首先测量行驶中的自行车上的推力和阻力，然后求解力平衡来估算滚动阻力。同时，测试骑车人主观评估了骑车舒适度，并进行了录像以记录情况。收集了103个路段的数据，包括三个服务等级（维护标准）。结果表明，滚动阻力随着松散雪深的增加而显着增加。在相同深度下，干雪和湿雪导致的滚动阻力要高于雪泥。类似地，增加的滚动阻力与降低的骑行舒适性相关。滚动阻力系数（C _rr）大于0.025会明显降低骑行舒适性。与采用冬季道路策略（仅犁地和翻雪）的道路相比，采用冬季裸露道路维护策略（使用防冰剂，刷子和/或耕作）进行维护的路段，滚动阻力小，骑行舒适度更高。打磨）。这项研究表明，滚动阻力测量可用于间接估算冬季骑行舒适性。因此，滚动阻力可用于改善冬季维护操作和控制。更好的冬季维护对于增加冬季的自行车使用率至关重要。