When selection is imposed by both social and ecological environments, the costs and benefits of social relationships can depend on life-history strategy. We argue that the formation and maintenance of differentiated social relationships will prevail in species and individuals with slow life histories. Social behaviours that benefit survival can promote slower life histories. Meanwhile, longer lifespan promotes the development of strong and stable social bonds by allowing fitness payoffs to be postponed. Differentiated social behaviours should be favoured for fast life histories only when they promote the rate of reproduction. Finally, associations between life-history strategies and other traits (e.g., personality) provide a mechanism to drive inter-individual variation in social relationships, making life-history important for sociality across taxonomic scales.

当社会和生态环境施加选择时，社会关系的成本和益处可以取决于生命历史战略。我们认为，差异化社会关系的形成和维持将在生活史缓慢的物种和个人中占主导地位。有利于生存的社会行为可以促进较慢的生活史。同时，更长的寿命通过推迟健身收益来促进牢固而稳定的社会纽带的发展。差异化的社会行为只有在促进生殖速度时才应支持快速的生活史。最后，生活史策略与其他特征（例如人格）之间的关联提供了一种机制，可推动人际关系之间的个体差异，