This article argues that gendered ideas about political representation were pivotal to the All-India Muslim League's new self-imagination as the exclusive representative of Indian Muslims after the Pakistan Resolution of March 1940. I offer a gendered reading of League politics during the crucial decade of the 1940s by examining the historical implications of Begum Jahanara Shah Nawaz's expulsion from the party in 1941 for accepting a post on the National Defense Council. When she claimed that she was appointed to the Council as a representative of all Indian women and Punjab, the League leadership condemned her for disobeying the party's resolution to remain aloof from British India's wartime administration. With an unusual intensity, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the League's president, censured her for endangering Indian Muslims’ fragile unity and asserted that League members could either represent Muslims—or no one. Her arguments functioned as an effective foil against which the League solidified its homogenizing narrative of an Indian Muslim identity and its universalizing project of Pakistan. As the demand for Pakistan increasingly dominated the League's rhetoric, alternative models of representation that drew upon cross-religious, gender-based, or regional solidarities became progressively untenable for female Muslim League politicians. Shah Nawaz's expulsion, and the discourse on representation it generated, demonstrated that gender issues were central to League politics at both the provincial and the all-India level.

中文翻译：

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穆斯林妇女可以代表谁？Begum Jahanara Shah Nawaz 和印度晚期殖民时期的政党建设政治

本文认为，关于政治代表的性别观念对于全印度穆斯林联盟在 1940 年 3 月的巴基斯坦决议后作为印度穆斯林的独家代表的新自我想象至关重要。 1940 年代，通过研究 Begum Jahanara Shah Nawaz 于 1941 年因接受国防委员会职位而被开除党籍的历史影响。当她声称她被任命为所有印度妇女和旁遮普邦的代表时，联盟领导层谴责她违反党的决议，与英属印度的战时政府保持距离。联盟主席穆罕默德·阿里·真纳以不同寻常的强度，指责她危及印度穆斯林脆弱的团结，并声称联盟成员可以代表穆斯林，也可以不代表任何人。她的论点起到了有效的衬托作用，联盟巩固了其对印度穆斯林身份的同质化叙述及其对巴基斯坦的普遍化计划。随着对巴基斯坦的需求日益主导联盟的言论，利用跨宗教、基于性别或地区团结的替代代表模式对穆斯林联盟的女性政治家来说变得越来越站不住脚。Shah Nawaz 的开除以及由此引发的关于代表权的讨论表明，性别问题在省级和全印度层面的联盟政治中都是核心问题。她的论点起到了有效的衬托作用，联盟巩固了其对印度穆斯林身份的同质化叙述及其对巴基斯坦的普遍化计划。随着对巴基斯坦的需求日益主导联盟的言论，利用跨宗教、基于性别或区域团结的替代代表模式对穆斯林联盟的女性政治家来说变得越来越站不住脚。Shah Nawaz 的开除以及由此引发的有关代表权的讨论表明，性别问题在省级和全印度层面的联盟政治中都是核心。她的论点起到了有效的衬托作用，联盟巩固了其对印度穆斯林身份的同质化叙述及其对巴基斯坦的普遍化计划。随着对巴基斯坦的需求日益主导联盟的言论，利用跨宗教、基于性别或地区团结的替代代表模式对穆斯林联盟的女性政治家来说变得越来越站不住脚。Shah Nawaz 的开除以及由此引发的有关代表权的讨论表明，性别问题在省级和全印度层面的联盟政治中都是核心。对于女性穆斯林联盟政治家来说，利用跨宗教、基于性别或区域团结的言论、替代代表模式逐渐变得站不住脚。Shah Nawaz 的开除以及由此引发的有关代表权的讨论表明，性别问题在省级和全印度层面的联盟政治中都是核心。对于女性穆斯林联盟政治家来说，利用跨宗教、基于性别或区域团结的言论、替代代表模式逐渐变得站不住脚。Shah Nawaz 的开除以及由此引发的关于代表权的讨论表明，性别问题在省级和全印度层面的联盟政治中都是核心问题。