Violence exposure during childhood and adolescence is associated with a range of negative psychosocial outcomes. Research examining the impact of violence exposure has been limited by the compartmentalization into separate bodies of research (e.g., community violence, domestic violence). There is also a paucity of research examining long-term adult outcomes. Using a large and racially diverse sample (n = 754; male = 58%; Black = 46%), the current longitudinal study aimed to elucidate the comparative and cumulative effect of different types of violence exposure (witnessing vs. victimization) across different locations (home, school, neighborhood) in childhood and adolescence (lifetime through Grade 8) on long-term internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems; substance use; and intimate partner violence in adulthood (age 25). Victimization, but not witnessing violence, predicted all five adult outcomes. Specifically, being victimized at home was associated with the widest range of negative outcomes (internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems), while school victimization was associated with substance use. Further, when youth experienced multiple types of violence across multiple locations (cumulative violence exposure), they experienced a more diverse range of negative outcomes in adulthood (composite score). The current study highlights the stronger effects of violence exposure in more proximal contexts, and how these locations are important for emotional and behavioral development.

儿童和青春期的暴力暴露与一系列负面的社会心理结果有关。对暴力暴露影响的研究受到划分为独立研究机构（例如，社区暴力、家庭暴力）的限制。也缺乏研究长期成人结果的研究。使用大型且种族多样化的样本（n= 754; 男性 = 58%；Black = 46%），目前的纵向研究旨在阐明童年和青春期（终生到 8 年级）不同地点（家庭、学校、社区）的不同类型暴力暴露（目击与受害）的比较和累积影响关于长期内化、外化和注意力问题；物质使用; 以及成年期（25 岁）的亲密伴侣暴力。受害，但没有目睹暴力，预测了所有五种成人结果。具体而言，在家中受害与最广泛的负面结果（内化、外化和注意力问题）有关，而学校受害与药物使用有关。此外，当青年在多个地点经历多种类型的暴力（累积暴力暴露）时，他们在成年期经历了更多样化的负面结果（综合评分）。目前的研究强调了暴力暴露在更近的环境中的更强影响，以及这些地点对情绪和行为发展的重要性。