Lethal and nonlethal effects of predation are likely to impact phenotypic traits of potential prey that elude capture. Nonlethal effects of predation on prey can include alterations in behavior or morphology in response to predation risk which may impair prey growth and fitness. The application of pesticide in mosquito control during aquatic stages can interact with predation stress and alter density and phenotypic traits of prey. Insect growth regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen is a pesticide that mainly prevents pupal‐adult metamorphosis by mimicking juvenile hormone, whereas the larval stage is not targeted. The use of IGR can therefore act in conjunction with natural aquatic predators that target the larval stage to affect population of prey. In this study, we assessed the invasive mosquito prey Aedes aegypti responses to lethal and nonlethal effects of a combination of IGR and predatory mosquito larvae of Toxorhynchites rutilus. The combination of IGR and Tx. rutilus heavily lowered Ae. aegypti metamorphosis to adulthood more than the independent effects of IGR or Tx. rutilus. Exposing Ae. aegypti larvae to the combination shortened life span of adults after metamorphosis for both males and females, whereas control and numerical density reduction “removals” treatments lengthened life span. Our results show strong lethal and nonlethal outcomes of the combination on Ae. aegypti. These findings suggest an additional benefit, decreases adult life span, of the use of an IGR when combined with a natural predator of mosquitoes that may be exploited to improve mosquito control strategies to reduce the risk of disease transmission.

中文翻译：

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蚊子对捕食和昆虫生长调节剂的致命和非致命作用的反应

捕食的致命和非致命影响可能会影响无法捕获的潜在猎物的表型特征。捕食对猎物的非致命性影响可能包括响应捕食风险而改变行为或形态，这可能会损害猎物的生长和适应能力。在水生阶段控制农药使用杀虫剂可与捕食胁迫相互作用，并改变猎物的密度和表型性状。昆虫生长调节剂（IGR）吡罗昔芬是一种农药，主要通过模仿幼体激素来预防p成人变态，而幼虫阶段没有针对性。因此，IGR的使用可以与针对幼虫阶段的自然水生捕食者共同起作用，以影响猎物种群。在这项研究中，我们评估了入侵蚊子埃及伊蚊反应对致死和非致死作用的结合的IGR和捕食蚊幼虫的毒死util鱼。IGR和Tx的组合。鹦鹉螺大大降低了Ae。埃及人到成年人的蜕变比IGR或Tx的独立作用更大。rutilus。暴露Ae。埃及伊蚊幼虫联合使用可缩短成年男性和女性变态后的成年寿命，而对照和减少密度的“去除”治疗可延长寿命。我们的结果表明，该组合对Ae具有很强的致死性和非致死性。埃及。这些发现表明，将IGR与天然蚊虫结合使用可带来额外的好处，减少了其成年寿命，可将其用于改善蚊子控制策略以降低疾病传播的风险。