Plant and pollinator diversity have declined concurrently in Europe in the last half century. We studied plant–bumblebee food webs to understand the effects of two agri-environmental schemes (AES, organic farming and environmentally-friendly management practice) vs. conventional farming as control group, landscape structure (heterogeneous vs. homogeneous landscapes) and seasonality (June, July, and August) interactions using Estonian AES monitoring data. In the summer of 2014, we observed foraging bumblebees (20 species) on 64 farms that varied in agricultural management and landscape structure, yielding a total of 2303 flower visits on 76 plant species. We found that both management practice and landscape structure influenced the generality (redundancy in the use of flower resources) of food webs. In homogeneous landscapes, environmentally-friendly management practices, including restrictions on the application of glyphosates, enhancement of bumblebee habitats, such as permanent grassland field margins, the allocation of a minimum of 15% of arable land (including rotational grasslands) to legumes, contributed to a higher number of visited plant species (generality) in July, whereas organic farming did so in August. Therefore, both environmentally-friendly and organic management practices are needed to support plant–bumblebee food webs in agricultural landscapes. Food web generality and diversity (Shannon index) are affected by a significant interaction between landscape structure and seasonality: food web diversity varied in homogeneous landscapes between the three different survey months, whereas food webs were more diverse in heterogeneous landscapes. We did not find any significant interaction effect of management, landscape structure and seasonality on linkage density and vulnerability. A full list of the most visited plant species by bumblebees based on species-specific flower visitation was also assembled. In homogeneous landscapes, resource limitation is an issue for bumblebees in certain time periods. For supporting bumblebees in the agricultural landscapes, avoiding resource limitation is important and this can be secured with a combination of AES management practices.

在过去的半个世纪中，欧洲植物和传粉媒介的多样性同时下降。我们研究了植物-大黄蜂食物网，以了解两种农业环境方案（AES，有机农业和环保管理实践）与常规农业作为对照组，景观结构（异质景观与同质景观）和季节性（6月）的影响，7月和8月）使用爱沙尼亚AES监视数据进行互动。在2014年夏季，我们观察到64个农场的大黄蜂觅食（20种），这些农场的农业经营方式和景观结构各不相同，总共对76种植物进行了2303次花访。我们发现管理实践和景观结构都对食物网的普遍性（使用花卉资源的冗余度）产生了影响。在均匀的景观中 环保管理做法，包括限制草甘膦的使用，加强大黄蜂栖息地（例如永久性的草地田间边界），将至少15％的耕地（包括轮作草原）分配给豆类，导致数量增加在7月访问植物种类（一般性），而在8月进行有机耕作。因此，既需要环境友好的有机管理实践，也要在农业景观中支持植物大黄蜂食物网。食物网的普遍性和多样性（香农指数）受到景观结构和季节性之间显着相互作用的影响：在三个不同的调查月份之间，同质景观中的食物网多样性不同，而异质性景观中的食物网则更加多样化。我们没有发现管理，景观结构和季节性对链接密度和脆弱性有任何显着的交互作用。还收集了大黄蜂根据特定物种的花朵访问而访问量最大的植物物种的完整列表。在同质景观中，资源限制是大黄蜂在特定时间段的问题。为了在农业景观中支持大黄蜂，避免资源限制很重要，可以通过结合使用AES管理实践来确保这一点。资源限制是大黄蜂在特定时间段内的问题。为了在农业景观中支持大黄蜂，避免资源限制很重要，可以通过结合使用AES管理实践来确保这一点。资源限制是大黄蜂在特定时间段内的问题。为了在农业景观中支持大黄蜂，避免资源限制很重要，可以通过结合使用AES管理实践来确保这一点。