Uncertainties remain regarding the potential environmental risks of engineered nanomaterials, reflecting missing information on both the exposure and the hazard sides. Probabilistic material flow analysis (PMFA) is a useful exposure assessment tool that maps the flows of a substance through its lifecycle towards the environment, taking into account the uncertainties associated with the input data. In the last years, several refinements have been made to the original PMFA method, increasing its complexity with respect to systems dynamics, fate during recycling and reprocessing and forms of release. In this work, an integrated dynamic probabilistic material flow analysis (IDPMFA) was developed that combines all separate advancements of the method in one overarching software code. The new method was used to assess the forms in which nano-Ag, nano-TiO₂ and nano-ZnO are released into air, soils and surface water. Each European country (EU28, Norway and Switzerland) was studied from the year 2000 to the year 2020. The present model includes new assessments of the forms in which nano-ZnO is released into the environment and of the flows out of reprocessing (last step of recycling) of nano-Ag, nano-TiO₂ and nano-ZnO towards both technical and environmental compartments. The forms of ZnO released to different compartments vary greatly with different proportions between pristine, dissolved, matrix-embedded and transformed forms. The same applies for the forms of the other ENMs released after reprocessing, where different processes result in very different distributions between the various forms. The country-specific assessment showed that it is mainly the different solid waste treatment schemes that influence the distribution to final environmental sinks. Overall, the results of IDPMFA show the great importance of considering the full life cycle of nanoproducts including the different stages of recycling, the differences between countries, and the forms of the released materials. The results from the integrated model will provide useful input information for environmental fate models and for environmental risk assessments.

工程纳米材料的潜在环境风险仍然存在不确定性，反映了暴露和危险方面的缺失信息。概率物质流分析 (PMFA) 是一种有用的暴露评估工具，它可以将物质在其生命周期中的流动映射到环境中，同时考虑到与输入数据相关的不确定性。在过去几年中，对原始 PMFA 方法进行了一些改进，增加了其在系统动力学、回收和再加工过程中的命运以及释放形式方面的复杂性。在这项工作中，开发了一种集成的动态概率材料流分析 (IDPMFA)，它将该方法的所有单独的改进结合在一个总体软件代码中。新方法用于评估纳米银、纳米二氧化钛的形态₂和纳米氧化锌被释放到空气、土壤和地表水中。从 2000 年到 2020 年对每个欧洲国家（欧盟 28 国、挪威和瑞士）进行了研究。本模型包括对纳米 ZnO 释放到环境中的形式和再加工流出物的新评估（最后一步回收利用）的纳米Ag，纳米TiO ₂和纳米氧化锌用于技术和环境隔间。释放到不同隔室的 ZnO 形式在原始、溶解、基质嵌入和转化形式之间的比例不同，差异很大。这同样适用于再加工后释放的其他 ENM 的形式，其中不同的过程导致各种形式之间的分布非常不同。国别评估表明，影响最终环境汇分布的主要是不同的固体废物处理方案。总体而言，IDPMFA 的结果表明考虑纳米产品整个生命周期的重要性，包括回收的不同阶段、国家之间的差异以及释放材料的形式。