The authors investigated relationships between emotions, coping, and resilience across two studies. In Study 1a, 319 athletes completed dispositional questionnaires relating to the aforementioned constructs. In Study 1b, 126 athletes from Study 1a repeated the same questionnaires 6 months later. In Study 2, 21 athletes were randomly allocated to an emotional (e.g., pleasant or unpleasant emotions) or control group and undertook a laboratory-based reaction-time task across three time points. Questionnaires and salivary cortisol samples were collected before and after each performance with imagery-based emotional manipulations engendered during the second testing session. Partial longitudinal evidence of the broaden-and-build effects of pleasant emotions was found. Pleasant emotions may undo lingering cognitive resource losses incurred from previous unpleasant emotional experiences. In Study 2, pleasant and unpleasant emotions had an immediate and sustained psychophysiological and performance impact. Taken together, this research supports the application of broaden-and-build theory in framing emotional interventions for athletes.

作者调查了两项研究中情绪、应对和适应能力之间的关系。在研究 1a 中，319 名运动员完成了与上述结构相关的性格问卷。在研究 1b 中，来自研究 1a 的 126 名运动员在 6 个月后重复了相同的问卷调查。在研究 2 中，21 名运动员被随机分配到情绪（例如，愉快或不愉快的情绪）或对照组，并在三个时间点进行基于实验室的反应时间任务。在每次表演之前和之后收集问卷和唾液皮质醇样本，并在第二次测试期间产生基于图像的情绪操作。发现了愉快情绪的扩展和构建效应的部分纵向证据。愉快的情绪可能会消除因先前不愉快的情绪经历而导致的挥之不去的认知资源损失。在研究 2 中，愉快和不愉快的情绪对心理生理和表现有直接和持续的影响。总而言之，这项研究支持扩展和构建理论在为运动员制定情绪干预框架中的应用。