Nonverbal behavior (NVB) plays an important role in sports. However, it has been difficult to measure, as no coding schemes exist to objectively measure NVB in sports. Therefore, the authors adapted the Body Action and Posture Coding System to the context of soccer penalties, validated it, and initially used this system (Nonverbal Behavior Coding System for Soccer Penalties [NBCSP]) to explore NVB in penalties. Study 1 demonstrated that the NBCSP had good to excellent intercoder reliability regarding the occurrence and temporal precision of NVBs. It also showed that the coding system could differentiate certain postures and behaviors as a function of emotional valence (i.e., positive vs. negative emotional states). Study 2 identified differences in NVB for successful and missed shots in a sample of penalties (time spent looking toward the goal, toward the ground, right arm movement, and how upright the body posture was). The authors discuss the utility of the coding system for different sport contexts.

非语言行为 (NVB) 在运动中起着重要作用。然而，它很难衡量，因为没有编码方案可以客观地衡量体育运动中的 NVB。因此，作者将身体动作和姿势编码系统应用于足球处罚的上下文，对其进行验证，并初步使用该系统（足球处罚的非语言行为编码系统 [NBCSP]）来探索 NVB 在处罚中的应用。研究 1 表明，NBCSP 在 NVB 的出现和时间精度方面具有良好到出色的编码器间可靠性。它还表明，编码系统可以区分某些姿势和行为作为情绪效价的函数（即积极与消极情绪状态）。研究 2 确定了 NVB 在罚球样本中成功射门和未射门的差异（注视球门的时间，朝向地面、右臂运动以及身体姿势的直立程度）。作者讨论了编码系统在不同运动环境中的效用。