Housing is a major source of inequality in England, but most house price variation studies are conducted at national or regional scale or, conversely, in a specific city. Detailed research at sub-regional level is missing, especially for the period after the global financial crisis. This research addresses this gap with an analysis of variation at local authority level across England between 2009 and 2016. A novel house price per square meter (HPM) dataset is used to control for property size effects in transaction price variation. The effects of two spatial levels (local authority (LA)—and Middle Layer Super Output) together with three time categorizations (quarterly, half-yearly, and yearly) is systematically explored using multilevel models. Results show that the time categorization effects are essentially identical and extremely small, in comparison with the LA effects. As annual effects provide the best model fit, LA annual house price trajectories are explored further. Overall higher HPM LAs grew faster over the 80-year period than lower HPM LAs. More locally the spatial pattern shows some variation in the overall pattern, with some LAs near London or Bristol exhibiting higher relative percentage HPM increases with a relatively lower initial HPM compared with their neighbors.

中文翻译：

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2009 年至 2016 年英格兰地方当局描绘房价变化的时空格局

住房是英格兰不平等的主要来源，但大多数房价变化研究是在国家或地区范围内进行的，或者相反，在特定城市进行。缺少次区域层面的详细研究，尤其是在全球金融危机之后的时期。本研究通过分析 2009 年至 2016 年间英格兰地方当局层面的变化来解决这一差距。一个新的每平方米房价 (HPM) 数据集用于控制交易价格变化中的房产规模效应。使用多级模型系统地探讨了两个空间级别（地方当局 (LA) 和中间层超级输出）以及三个时间分类（季度、半年和年度）的影响。结果表明，时间分类效果基本相同且极小，与 LA 效应相比。由于年度效应提供了最佳模型拟合，因此进一步探索了洛杉矶年度房价轨迹。总体而言，较高的 HPM LA 在 80 年间的增长速度要快于较低的 HPM LA。更局部的空间格局显示出整体格局的一些变化，伦敦或布里斯托尔附近的一些 LA 表现出较高的相对百分比 HPM 增加，而初始 HPM 相对较低。