Coastal degradation has spurred active restoration of mangrove ecosystems, from local initiatives to global commitments to increase mangrove forest area by 20% over the next decade. Mangrove restoration projects typically have multiple objectives, including carbon storage, coastal resilience, and fisheries recovery. How planting seedlings, the most common form of active restoration, can promote recovery of mangrove ecosystem functions remains an urgent research need. We quantified multiple ecosystem outcomes of Guyana's national mangrove restoration program, approximately a decade after seedling planting, and compared restoration outcomes with conditions in intact and degraded mangrove forests. Multivariate analyses indicate that intact and restored sites' environmental conditions were similar to each other but different from degraded sites. Aboveground biomass in restored sites (103 Mg ha⁻¹) was 13 and 99% greater than intact (89.4 Mg ha⁻¹) and degraded (0.12 Mg ha⁻¹) sites, respectively. Active restoration successfully increased seedling abundance of both planted and unplanted species, with similar abundance between intact and restored sites. In contrast, fish communities in restored sites remained similar to degraded sites. Restored sites were dominated by a single algivorous fish species, with lower species diversity and commercially valuable fisheries than intact sites. Our results demonstrate that active restoration is a viable option to restore mangrove forest tree biomass and tree species composition in this region. However, even under a best-case scenario for mangrove forest restoration, fisheries did not recover during our study's timespan. Long-term monitoring and controlled experiments will be essential to further understand restoration outcomes for multiple ecosystem services in mangrove forests.

中文翻译：

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积极恢复导致地上生物量快速恢复，但在巴西北部陆架人工种植的红树林中鱼类多样性恢复有限

沿海退化刺激了红树林生态系统的积极恢复，从地方倡议到全球承诺在未来十年内将红树林面积增加 20%。红树林恢复项目通常有多个目标，包括碳储存、沿海恢复力和渔业恢复。作为最常见的主动恢复形式，种植幼苗如何促进红树林生态系统功能的恢复仍然是一个迫切的研究需求。我们量化了圭亚那国家红树林恢复计划的多个生态系统结果，在幼苗种植后大约十年，并将恢复结果与完整和退化的红树林中的条件进行了比较。多变量分析表明，完整的和恢复的站点的 环境条件彼此相似，但与退化地点不同。恢复地点的地上生物量（103 毫克公顷^-1 ) 比完整 (89.4 Mg ha ^-1 ) 和降解 (0.12 Mg ha ^-1) 站点，分别。主动恢复成功地增加了种植和未种植物种的幼苗丰度，完整和恢复站点之间的丰度相似。相比之下，恢复地点的鱼类群落仍然与退化地点相似。恢复地点以单一食藻鱼类为主，与完整地点相比，物种多样性和商业价值较低的渔业。我们的结果表明，主动恢复是恢复该地区红树林生物量和树种组成的可行选择。然而，即使在红树林恢复的最佳情况下，渔业在我们研究的时间跨度内也没有恢复。