ABSTRACT

This paper contributes to the gentrification literature by asking how tenure changes, housing stock changes, and generational shifts might be related to gentrification as identified by household income growth in the inner cities of Canada’s three largest metropolitan areas. We use a modified shift-share analysis of changes in tenure, housing stock, and age-tenure cohorts between 1991 and 2011 to examine these questions in Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver, Canada’s largest metropolitan areas. We find that in each case, gentrification is associated with an absolute decline in non-condo private-sector rental units, and that construction of non-market/social housing units has not been sufficient to compensate for the private-sector units lost to gentrification. Our analysis demonstrates that changes in the class structure of households, more than generational or age-cohort composition shifts, are at the heart of inner-city transformations in tenure and income among households. The big story is the absolute loss of affordable rental units in each inner city, and the concomitant exclusionary displacement of lower-income households that has resulted.

摘要

本文通过询问加拿大三大都市区的家庭收入增长所确定的土地使用权变化、住房存量变化和代际变化如何与高档化相关，从而为高档化文献做出贡献。我们使用对 1991 年至 2011 年间权属、住房存量和年龄-权属队列变化的修正轮班份额分析，来研究加拿大最大的都市区多伦多、蒙特利尔和温哥华的这些问题。我们发现，在每种情况下，高档化都与非公寓私营部门出租单位的绝对下降有关，并且非市场/社会住房单位的建设不足以弥补因高档化而失去的私营部门单位. 我们的分析表明，家庭阶级结构的变化，不仅仅是代际或年龄组构成的变化，是城市内家庭使用权和收入转变的核心。最大的故事是每个内城的负担得起的出租单位的绝对损失，以及随之而来的低收入家庭的排他性流离失所。