Formal economic models of entrepreneurship have two characteristics: they model entrepreneurship as an allocation of resources, and they identify common factors affecting this allocation. These common factors are represented as parameters of optimization models, and they are evaluated at the market level. We argue that although these models are useful, they are incomplete because certain aspects of entrepreneurial behavior, such as judgment, alertness, or innovativeness, cannot be easily transformed into allocative problems. Moreover, entrepreneurial acts involve idiosyncratic elements, which limit the applicability of the market-level analysis to individual cases. Thus, the traditional economic methods have to be complemented by approaches highlighting the role of individual and historical specificity. The study of entrepreneurship, therefore, requires a synthesis of both general theory and historicist approaches, as envisioned a century ago by Frank Knight.

中文翻译：

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让我们按照弗兰克的方式去做：创业研究中的一般原则和历史特殊性

企业家精神的正式经济模型有两个特点：它们将企业家精神建模为资源配置，并确定影响这种分配的共同因素。这些共同因素被表示为优化模型的参数，并在市场层面进行评估。我们认为，尽管这些模型很有用，但它们并不完整，因为创业行为的某些方面，如判断力、警觉性或创新性，不能轻易转化为分配问题。此外，创业行为涉及特殊因素，这限制了市场层面分​​析对个别案例的适用性。因此，传统的经济方法必须辅以强调个人和历史特殊性作用的方法。因此，对企业家精神的研究，